How Dickens uses language Essay Example for Free

How Dickens uses language EssayThere is a variety of repetition in the passage. Phrases like Dead and inhumed are repeated to remind us, as readers, that most of shoots family is dead. The word buried, suggests that it happened some time ago and that he never knew them, which makes us feel pity and sympathy for the character. charge talks about his life in the marsh country, where he resided by the river and near the sea. This could possibly highlight how Pip (small like a river), may be connected to something greater than he couldve ever imagined (like the sea). Dickens also uses some interesting vocabulary, with fascinating imagery in this passage. For example he describes the sea as a distant vicious lair. The word distant tells the reader that there is an unknown, oncoming threat. The word savage suggests it was over powerful and violent. Finally, the word lair implies a dangerous place, where victims are taken to be devoured. This shows the reader that Pip is not safe, a nd seems to be in call off danger. Alliteration is another technique which Dickens has input in the passage. The phrase low leaden line, (which describes the river), is a good example of this.Rivers are mantic to be an aquatic blue colour, but Dickens describes it as leaden, which is a depressing grey colour, suggesting a bleak setting. Finally, Dickens uses third person in the passage, although this is questionable. In one sentence, Pip goes from narrating as an adult in the 1st person and then switches to the 3rd person, where he looks back at himself as a small child. This is because he is in utter disbelief at how lost he was, which is effective as the reader feels confused, just as Pip would have as a small child.

Juvenile Justice System in California Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Justice System in California turn outDoes the Time Fit the Crime? This is a call to action, how oft do we actually know about the California Juvenile Justice system? postulate we apt(p) up on todays youth? There ar more than 2,500 teenaged offenders states wide that have been decryd to keep in prison or animation without release. They atomic number 18 sent to adult court in which they were convicted for their crimes. This is costing California tax payers 2. 5 million dollars a year to house each offender, and approximately 252,000 a year per youth in the CYA (Krinsky, Pierce, Woodford,p1Kita,p1). How does this affect their psychological development? Of the different races which is most effected? Is it direction them to be better individuals or better criminals? What effects does it have on the youths family? Is justice being served? As of today there argon ccc youth youngs incarcerated in the state of California that have been given life or life without wa tchword. Does race, brotherly, and environmental factors play a role in the sentencing phase? Does the time fit the crime? Is it appropriate for juvenile persons to be sentenced as adults?The Juvenile Justice Court System was designed and dedicated to the adjudication of crimes committed by juvenile youth offenders. To be over seen by the Los Angeles Superior Court Division of Juvenile Courts (Shouselaw). Their sole purpose and goal is the rehabilitation of youth offenders. In 1943 the state of California opened CYA as a reform school but today it functions similar to the adult prisons today (Kita, p1). Youth that are prosecuted in adult court are moved out of CYA at 18 and sent to adult prison to serve the reminder of their time (Kita, p1).Fewer juvenile offenders are being committed to CYA, and more are being sent directly to adult prison. Despite declines in juvenile confinement over the stomach decade, California still has the 10th highest rate of juvenile incarceration in the nation (271 per 100,000) and the fifth highest White-Black racial disparity Black children are incarcerated at 8. 5 times the rate of White children (Children Defense fund). There are many factors and statistics used in the arguments for and against juvenile sentences of life without parole (LWOP), how of all time the statistics involving he much higher percentage, of threatenings serving life sentences than whites are very rarely mentioned (Bell,p. 2). This is further data that supports the argument that black youth has the highest ratio of incarceration. The legislature is considering bill SB399 which would spare a second chance opportunity, this shows that the state of California Juvenile System is in motivating of reform and structuring. Without SB399 there isnt any way to return these sentences. (Krinsky, Pierce, Woodford, p. 2). What immediate changes need to take place today to reduce the number of youths, being incarceration?According to the group Reforming the Juve nile Justice System, the United States is the and domain in the world that sentences young people to life in prison without the possibility of parole for crimes they committed when they were teenagers (RJJS). In California approximately 300 youth have been given this sentence a sentence to die in prison for mistakes they made during adolescence. According to homophile Rights Watch estimates, a legal age of these young people (59 percent) were first time offenders, and almost half (45 percent) were convicted of murder but were not the ones who actually committed the murder (RJJS).What can we do as a society and community to help carve the problem within our communities to ensure our youth are being treated fairly in the juvenile system? There are several problems and issues that the juvenile justice systems face today. Allegations of mistreatment, abuse, excessive force, 23 hour confinement in their cells, locking juveniles in cages at school, not providing adequate medical and mental health services, and perpetuation of gang related force play among the youth offenders. (Shouselaw,p.? ). We as a society have to tramp the question?How have these problems and issues gone unaddressed for so long? Who do we hold accountable for these allegations? Therefore, asking how this effects their psychological development and how much of it impacts their social interactions and behavior. Youth advocates have argued that juvenile youth offenders thinkers are not mature enough to fully understand the seriousness of their crimes theyve been accused of. The organization CDFCA has stated that teenager brain development research has helped us understand the ways that youth are fundamentally different from adults.With the prefrontal lobe of the brain still developing passim the teenage years, adolescents have more difficulty processing information, making logical in-the-moment decisions, weighing long-term consequences, and avoiding peer pressure. Given this research in adolescent brain development, policymakers and even the Supreme Court have recognized that youth are less culpable than adults for their actions and more likely to be rehabilitated.The Childrens Defense Fund CA believes strongly that policies around incarceration and sentencing should reflect these developmental differences, and that youth should be kept out of the adult criminal justice system and given the opportunity for rehabilitation (RJJS,p. 1). Subsequently, providing the evidence of how broken the juvenile system truly is, Richard A. Mendel wrote, We now have overwhelming evidence showing that wholesale incarceration of juvenile offenders is a counterproductive public policy (Mendel, p. 1) Stating that the current juvenile justice system.Which relies heavily on mass incarceration of teen offenders, is badly broken? The violence and abuse within youth facilities is bad enough, but these institutions also fail to rehabilitate the youth within them. (Mendel, p. 1) Adding reinf orcement that something must be done right away to save our youth leaving us to wonder how these effects will ultimately shape their lives for the better or the worst. There is a sense of desperation and despair that illuminates over these juveniles. Are the sentences handed down in these cases justified?Has justice being served in these cases? Supports of juvenile reform has provided data and research that can their claims that black youth are being sentence to much long terms than any of other race. The Human Rights Watch organization conducted research in California and found that there is discrimination when sentencing black youth offenders The states application of the law is also unjust. Eighty-five percent of youth sentenced to life without parole are people of color, with 75 percent of all cases in California being African American or Hispanic youth.African American youth are sentenced to life without parole at a rate that is 18. 3 times the rate for whites. Hispanic you th in California are sentenced to life without parole at a rate that is five times the rate of white youth in the state California has the worst record in the country for racially disproportionate sentencing. In California, African American youth are sentenced to life without parole at rates that suggest unequal treatment in advance sentencing courts. This unequal treatment by sentencing courts cannot be explained only by white and AfricanAmerican youths differential involvement in crime (HRWO,p. 1). In entree to discrimination they also found that In California alone, more than half of the youth sentenced are first time offenders with no previous criminal record. The Human Rights Watch survey of these inmates also found that many had not actually committed the murder and that their adult codefendants actually received a lesser sentence (HRWO,p1). Therefore, pointing out that these youth offenders did not have adequate representation.The organization Human Rights Watch wrote Poor legal representation often compromises a just termination in juvenile life without parole cases. Sending Approximately 227 youth have been sentenced to die in Californias prisons. They have not been sentenced to death the death penalty was found unconstitutional for juveniles by the United States Supreme Court in 2005. Instead, these young people have been sentenced to prison for the rest of their lives, with no opportunity for parole and no chance for release.Forty-five percent of youth reported that they were held legally responsible for a murder committed by someone else. In California, the spacious majority of those 17 years old and younger sentenced to life without the possibility of parole was convicted of murder. Showing that nationally 59 percent of youth sentenced to life without paroles are first-time offenders, without single juvenile court adjudication on their records (HRWO, p1-3. ). Furthermore, this research support their claims that race, social, and environment f actors play a major role in sentencing.Providing addition evidence that black and Latino juveniles are treated unfairly and justice is not being served. In conclusion, the California Juvenile Justice System is in dire need of reform. In January of this year Govern Jerry Brown, proposed is plan to end the juvenile justice division by March 2015(sfgate. com). Thus answering the questions posed there are a great deal, of problems and issues that must be addressed immediately. Like the mass incarceration of youth juveniles and mishandling of sentencing in these cases.And the harsh unfair life sentences or life without parole, which will have long term effects on their psychological development, which will impact their social and behavior interactions. This will limit their chance of ever being release. And give them an opportunity to start over with a clean slide. Furthermore, leaven a profound impact on the lives of their families. Shedding light on a decade of unfair inappropriate act ions on behave of the courts. In which justice was not served in any of the cases.

Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay

animated In A Surveillance Society nurture Technology EssayTo say we are consciously or unconsciously sleep walking into management hunting lodge is a question of incident beca utilisation frankly speaking individuals in ships company go through with(predicate) more or less seduce of superint reverseence. The security attached to direction allows individuals embrace it and sometimes with the knowledge of risks that keep an eye on with cosmos go steadyed meanwhile others walk into a watch rules of order without any knowledge of much(prenominal) dangers.1.2 Judging from past and present correctts reported in several graphemes, journals and articles about the benefits and dangers that accompany a surveillance indian lodge, I am of the opinion that there is a submit to analyse the concept of a surveillance union to as reliable if the concerns of the Information Commissioner are justified or not.1.3 This essay would surround diverse issues in relation to a surveil lance society much(prenominal) as individual solitude, entropy protection, integritys that provide for selective information protection, different forms of surveillance and surveillance technologies with a view to providing some clarity regarding the concerns of the commissioner on the concept of a surveillance society.2.0 Surveillance2.1 Definition of surveillanceSurveillance is viewed as having information about ones movement and activities recorded by technologies on behalf of the organisations and disposals that structured our society.1Surveillance was also defined as a inclinationful routine, systematic and centre attention paid to ad hominem details for the sake of stamp down, entitlement, management, influence or protection.2In my opinion, to be on a lower floor surveillance means that almost every sentiment of an individuals life is been watched, monitored and controlled by others who consider themselves superior and thereby deny people of their right to privacy and control of different aspects of their lives.Professor Ian J.Lloyd, referring to Alan Westins seminar work on Information Technology in a Democracy identified 3 types of surveillance asphysical, psychological and selective information surveillance3Physical surveillance involves the reflexion and monitor of acts of individuals in a society and preserve be carried out with or without the use of surveillance technologies. The use of spies, spooks and acts of security agencies ruination within the in a higher place and is apply to limited individuals.Psychological surveillance involves the use of surveillance technologies to monitor the activities of individuals in a society by the use of interrogations.Furthermore, selective information surveillance involves the use of ones mortalal information to monitor their activities. Due to technology compliance by countries, informationveillance is the most prominent form of surveillance apply which is supported by electronic device s.2.2 Living in a surveillance societyThe thinker of a surveillance society springs from the fears of the government and people as regards the reoccurring threats to lives of individuals based on past events alike(p) terrorism, fraud, armed robbery and shop lifting. In finding solutions to these problems, certain measures and forms of surveillance were introduced to provide security, and whether these solutions are appropriate, remains a question as there might be more invasive answers which result to an individuals right to privacy and anonymity being infringed. Focus should reflect the attainment of social goals rather than living in the shadow of the consequence of a surveillance society.4The United Kingdom (UK)is an example of a country that is fully compliant with the idea of a surveillance society because almost every aspect of their lives starting from taking a walk on the streets, driving their cars, going shopping in the supermarkets, going to the hospital and even in th eir work place they are under surveillance and this is so because the UK is a highly technically developed country with access to lots of surveillance technologies used to monitor the activities in the life of their citizens and the UK has been described as the most surveyed country with more CCTV cameras that the irony is that it still has loose justices on privacy and info protection.In Britain there are about 4.2 million CCTV cameras, one for every fourteen people, meaning that an individuals activities whoremonger be captured by over three hundred cameras a day. Reporters claim Britain has the biggest DNA data base with over a million innocent peoples data on, with some being aware and others in the dark and with the advent of new and improved modern surveillance technologies being introduced individuals will be submited to even more surveillance than they are going through today.5A surveillance society is not a totally bad concept as it has its advantages and disadvantages . Its advantages include provision of security and protection of people from data processor hackers, terrorists, threats to public security, provides speed and enhances co-ordination6.Consequent upon the pros of a surveillance society, the greatest proscribe effect of a surveillance society is the threat to privacy of individuals, though we bet to be more concerned with our fears and in the process over look the possibility that being fully dependent on surveillance technologies for safety could end up being of more harm to us than good. Surveillance creates lack of trust and raises suspicion between citizens, citizens and the state, thereby h cardinalening the request for us to control and monitor our activities.2.3 Surveillance TechnologiesThere are different kinds of surveillance technologies that are used in our society today which can also be mallmarized under the different forms of surveillance. nigh examples of surveillance technologies includes as follows(a) Video surv eillance i.e. the use of Closed-circuit Televisions (CCTV)(b) Tele communication theory surveillance(c) biostatistics(d) Shop Radio Frequency credit (RFID) tags(e) homage cards(f) Internet cookies(g) Data Flows(h) Locating, Tracking Tagging Technologies(I) London Oyster Cards e.t.cVideo SurveillanceThis is considered the most popular kind of surveillance technology used in a surveillance society because the use of CCTV cameras enable the capturing of images of individuals who go about their activities with the aim of preventing crime. CCTV cameras are devices that puzzle actively been used in Britain to watch people and as such it has been predicted by experts that by the year 2009, 642 million pounds would produce been pass on video surveillance software as against the 147million pounds spent in 2004 in a bid to reducing the crime rate.7Telecommunications surveillanceThis involves the use of technical equipments such as globular Positioning System (GPS), tapping of phones by the police or security services and it involves the exchange of data and information which is enabled by large scale digital and computing systems such as the internet.Biometrics SurveillanceBiometrics is another very common surveillance technology being used today in most organizations, embassies and airports. This form of identification includes dust trace e.g. fingerprints, iris scans, facial topography and hand scans which are all used on different passports and I.D card systems. Biometrics has been predicted to cause UK a healthy sum of 4.7 billion industry in 2009 which initially in the year 2003 cost 675 million and this is so because of the creation of more sophisticated surveillance technologies like refreshed cameras to iris identification, all with the belief that there will be accuracy in identification and crime will be cut down.8Radio Frequency Identification Technologies (RFID)It involves the use of radio frequency communications as a way to track goods as they mo ve through the supply chain. RFID are embedded into products, pallets and cases thereby enabling the RFID readers read information from those tags9.Data flows SurveillanceThis is a very sensitive form of surveillance as it is gathered by surveillance technologies and it flows close to computer networks and has been described by Clarke R as dataveillancewhich is the systematic use of own(prenominal) data systems in the investigation or monitoring of the actions of one or more persons10.In most circumstances of data subjects consents to giving their data, but what now happens in a situation whereby the data is transferred elsewhere and there is no idea as to where the data goes by either the public or data sharing agencies. In such a case one tends to wonder if we can say we acquit confidence in the state as regards the safety of our data.With the use of these technologies you can see that in a surveillance society our lives can be monitored entirely as everything you do has one fo rm of surveillance technology which can be used to track you. Some of these technologies include Global Positioning System(GPS) which can be use in tracking your precise location, loyalty cards which can be use to determine your capacity in shopping and as such marketers know how to target a customer based on his or her spending habits and even the internet can be monitored because every individual leaves trails when browsing the internet and this trails are called cookies which are left on a users machine thereby recognizing when visits were made to that site thereby qualification the activities of user traceable11.There are also non-technological means of surveillance of surveillance which we practice as individuals in the society such as eavesdropping, watching, use of human spies and numerous others12. But these methods due to the advent of technology and modernity are gradually fading away because they are looked upon as ineffective compared to technological mediums. This is because surveillance technologies provide faster means of security, safety and certainty.We are left with the concern of how effective surveillance technologies are to our lives and to what extent can we say that they down made a positive impact on our lives than the negative ones.2.4 The Negative and Positive Impact of Surveillance on our society.A surveillance society has its negative and positive impacts on our lives as individuals in the society but the negatives impacts are greater than the positive ones. Surveillance society has a way of setting traps for individuals in a society and this trap includes(a)Thinking that surveillance is a product of new technologies and(b)Thinking of surveillance as a malign plot hatched by criminal powers.13Ones an individuals looks at the concept of a surveillance society in this light then it is easy for one to fall into the trap of a surveillance society and the dangers that it poses to how lives.Apart from a sense of security, safety, min imum amount of risks, swift flow of goods, people and information which we as individuals believe are the positive effects of surveillance on our lives, what other way can we really say that a surveillance society has improved our lives or limited the risks and dangers we go through every day because disregarding of all the different forms of surveillance both technological and non-technological, It has not kept us out of harms way. The presence of CCTV cameras in the UK has not reduced the level of crime as terrorist still find means of operating and planning attacks. More so, individual ain data are still being used against them and all thanks to surveillance.Surveillance creates room for suspicion and lack of trust in the society because why should employers feel there is a need to monitor the affairs of their employees by bugging their cell phones, putting tracking devices in their company vehicles, storage of employees personal data, making them undertake certain medical test s and respondent personal questions about their lives which could be used against them in the future.Surveillance exposes individuals in a society to harm as we may not know who is watching us and what purpose our data is being used for because in the UK and the world at large, we still do not have updated data protection laws that would conceptive our database from unauthorized access or leakage and therefore leaving us in harms way if our personal data was to fall into the hands of the wrong person because those watching us could pose a threat to us, instead of providing us with security.Surveillance encourages social discrimination relating to race and ethnicity as sometimes our personal data is used to determine the level of benefits we get in the society.Surveillance encourages deceit, dishonesty and function creep in the sense that the data controllers tell the people that they need their data for a particular purpose and end up using such data for another purpose. Also surv eillance technologies help marketers to manipulate customers data in the sense that the use of Loyalty Cards which is common in the UK helps producers to monitor the resources of a customer by their shopping habits and as such they come up with ways to direct marketing to that customer in order to make profits and this is wrong.Another negative effect of a surveillance society which I consider to be the most crucial is the infringement of ones right to privacy and the total loss of an individuals anonymity in the society. hiding is a fundamental right of every individual in a society but you find that in a surveillance society, it is not possible for one to perform that right because everywhere you go, you cant be anonymous because cameras are watching in the streets and as such the whole idea of privacy and anonymity has been defeated.The above effects of surveillance are more negative than positive and much more has to be done to grant us more confidence that our society is saf e.3.0 The Right to Privacy In Relation to a Surveillance Society3.1 What is Privacy?The concept of Privacy in relation to a surveillance society is of paramount importance because an individuals privacy in society is a constitutional right which should not be infringed.One cannot talk about a surveillance society without the issue of privacy. Privacy and surveillance cannot co-exist together without one being a hindrance to the other. A surveillance society cannot function without crossing the rail of privacy while privacy cannot be secured in a surveillance society, which poses a dilemma to individuals because we are left with two options which are(a)Choose Surveillance and repudiate your privacy and(b)Choose your Privacy and live with the possibility of being exposed to danger and risks at any timeWith these options, whatever choice will make us prone to loosing something important to our lives.3.2 Definitions of PrivacyPrivacy was defined by Judge Cooley in the year 1888 as The right to be left alone 14. Privacy has also been defined by some writers asThe right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information15Privacy is very important to individuals in the sense that it is the only form of dignity and pride individuals have. Therefore laws need to protect this right, otherwise people in a surveillance society will become puppets who have no control as to how their personal data and information is used and manipulated by the Puppet masters.Article 8 of the Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention), 1985 provides which was ratified by the Council of atomic number 63 provides that (1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.(2)There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety of economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health morals or for the protection of the rights of freedoms of others.16This convention as of that year was not a confirm law and its provisions could only be confirmed in European Courts and because UK was a signatory for the Council of Europe, the Convention applied to the UK but in 1998 the Human Rights take ons (HRA) was enacted in the UK and were incorporated into the UK law and a more recent Law was enacted in 2000 in charter (7) of the Fundamental rights of the European Union which provided for right to privacy in respect to modern day communication.173.3 Issues of Privacy in Relation to a surveillance societyA surveillance society is a huge surface area of contention in relation to privacy in the sense that it affects every aspect of an individuals life.Eric Barendt ,Described the fight between surve illance and privacy as (Political) he say prominent figures mostly politicians, celebrities, members of the royal family are trying to protect their lives from media scrutiny meanwhile on the other hand the press which is surveillance in this case is fighting to retain their liberty of publication18He was also of the view that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not beInfringed on either by the government, business, individual or the media19As individuals in a surveillance society we need to have the right to preserve our privacy but if our actions keep on being monitored by technological or non-technological means of surveillance, it will leave a trail which can be traced back to us. Also, the fact that our personal data is constantly being transferred from one data base to another and processed by different processors makes access to our personal information easy.In the case of R v Brown20, Lord Hoffman in his judgement statedPrivacy which is the right to keep onesel f to our self, to tell other people that certain things are none of their business is under technological threat due to the different and various types of surveillance e.g. surveillance cameras, telephone bugs, which are used by individuals in the society today.21Also in the case of Leander v Sweden22, Mr Torsten Leander was denied employment as a result of his personal information which was held in a story and was revealed to his employer without knowledge of the kind of information that was kept about him and for what purpose it will be used and this constituted a breach of his right to privacy provided for in Article 8 (1) Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention).In the case of Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers23, taking pictures of Miss Campbell outside the Nacortics Anonymous, breached her right to privacy when her photos were published. She appealed on the grounds of breach of confidence by the media and which is one of her fundamental human right and against the p rovisions of the Data protection Act (1998). The court of appeal was against the verdict of the case but on appeal the House of Lords passed judgement in her favour which also gave rise to other opinions concerning the extent to which ones privacy can be said to have been breached.In the case of Craxi v Italy, it was established that there was indeed an infringement of Article 8 of the European convention on human rights, though Mr. Craxi was guilty of committing certain offences, it was held thatthe state failed to provide safe custody of the transcripts of telephone conversation which Were presented as evidence before the court and to subsequently draw out out an effective Investigation as to how those private communications were released into public domain24Privacy is gradually becoming lost in our society irrespective of the different Laws that have been established in our society, we cant honestly say that they protect our personal information from the dangers of a surveillanc e society such as globalization, the internet and the continuous invention of new technologies by virtue of new discoveries.4.0 REGULATIONSA society cannot exist without laws and supervisory authorities that would tone the actions and behaviours of individuals. In a surveillance society, there is a great need for laws and bodies to be established in other to oversee and supervise the way our personal data is being used because without people watching those who process our data, there is a risk of danger to us as our information could be manipulated and used against us if it were to fall into wrong hands. Blackmail by criminals and discrimination to our person could result where medical data about an individual who has HIV or other deadly diseases was to leak, as the person could be subject to social discrimination and stigmatisation.As a result of this, different countries have supervisory authorities who possess some powers to consider that our privacy is protected in a surveilla nce society. Article 28 (1) and (2) of the data protection directional provides for the establishment of these supervisory authorities and their powers. In the UK we have the information commissioner meanwhile other member countries except Germany have a single supervisory authority who supervise the affairs of their personal data.25Different Laws have been enacted and put in place in our society today so as to make sure that our personal information is protected but these laws have their strengths and weaknesses and cannot be relied on completely by individuals in a surveillance society. Most of this law are guided by some basic teachings such as(a)Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully.(b)Personal data should not be use for any purpose other than the purpose it wasobtained for.(c)Personal data must be accurate and kept up to date.(d)An individual must be informed of when personal data about them is collected.(e)The purpose for which personal data was obtained should be stated.(f)The consent of the individual must be obtained before obtaining their personalinformation(g)Individuals must be told how their data will be protected from misuse.(I)Individuals should be told how they can access their data and should be able to verifyits accuracy and request changes where necessary26.The above represent the basic fair information principles (FIP) that regulate the control of our personal data in a surveillance society. These principles exist side by side with some laws in controlling the use of our data. Some of these laws include(1)European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC.(2)Data Protection Act 1998.(3)Regulation of investigatory powers Act 2000.(4)Anti-Terrorism Crime and gage Act 2001.(5)The Council of Europe Convention.(6)OECD 1980 Laws.(7)Telecommunications Directive (97/66/EC).(8) Electronic communications Act 2000.4.1 Data Protection Act (1998)The need of data protections laws arouse out of the growing use of computers in the seventies and t he threat to personal privacy that rapid manipulation of data posed and as a result data was made easily accessible from many different points. Computer technology makes it possible for data to be transferred from one data base to another by data controllers and processors such as employers, companies, government agencies and so on and data subjects most of the time are not aware of the purpose for which their personal data is being used.27Schedule 1 of the Act provides for the principles of data protection, schedule 2 provides for all personal data and schedule 3 provides only for sensitive personal data.The Act defined personal data in section 1 as data which relate to a living individual who can be identified from those data or from those data which are under procession of or is likely to come into the possession of the data controller28.It also provides in section 2 for sensitive personal data which is personal data consisting of information as to racial or ethnic origin, sexual life, mental health, religious beliefs29The Act is a regulatory law that is recognised by the UK and as such section 630of the Act provides for the Office of the Information Commissioner and the tribunal and their powers as supervisory authorities with regards to our personal data and this Act applies to the United Kingdom (UK) and any other (EEA) state by virtue of section 5 of this act31The Act also provides data subjects with some rights in order to protect their personal data such asRight to access of our personal dataRight to be informed of our personal data and the purpose for which they are usedRight of rectification and erasure of data when it appears incorrect e.t.cSchedule 1 of the Data protection Act (1998) provided for eight principles which data controllers and processors are to apply when handling our personal data which is in conformity with the fair information principles mentioned above.4.2ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ( OECD 1980) LAWSThe OE CD guidelines were adopted in 1980 on the protection of privacy and trans-border data flows of personal data. It comprised of 24 countries throughout the world and including the U.S and it was enacted to harmonize national privacy legislation and uphold human rights and prevent interruptions in international flows of data.The OECD 1980 guidelines include(1)Collection limitation There should be limits to the collection of personal data and it should be obtained by lawful means with the consent of the data subject where necessary(2)Data quality principle states that personal data should be relevant for the purposes in which they are used and should be accurate and up to date.(3)Purpose specification The purpose for which the data was collected must be specified(4)Security safeguards principle for example loss, unauthorized access, destruction and so on should be observed.(5)Openness Principle(6)Individual participation principle(7)Accountability principle A data controller should be a ccountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above(8) Use limitation principle Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or used for purposes other than those specified except with the consent of the data subject or the law.324.3 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (2001)This law was established to reduce the level of terrorism and crime and to provide for the retention of communications data and for many other connected purposes. This law is issued by the secretary of the state who from time to time can revise a code of practise in relation to the retention of communications providers of communications data obtained by and held by them in other to safeguard national security and prevent crime by virtue of section102 (1),(2) and (3) of the Act.33Judging from our analysis of a few laws, reports have shown that these privacy laws are not efficient enough to safeguard our privacy and personal data in a surveillance society. new(preno minal) measures of regulation include(1)Self regulation by the use of codes to regulates their conduct34(2)Privacy enhancing technologies (PET)35(3) Individual s

Providing quality healthcare

Providing spirit wellness pityHealth C be Quality1.0 Background To The StudyThe Client enters the wellness cope delivery service with implys, concerns and foretellations, requiring mix interferences. Identifying and providing appropriate cargon to meet these take externals in a constitute effective way without compromising the standard of aid is matchless of the challenges facing health heraldic bearing providers today.Other challenges facing them embroil consumers demands, professional demand for rectitude, high cost of health care and demographic shifts. In revise to provide theatrical role care that meets the lymph glands need and ontogenesis his felicity the guests views must be respected and his preferences taken into consideration. Studies to identify clients preferences impart shown that providing somatic comfort adequate and timely in peeation, coordinated and integrated care, emotional support, respect for clients values and make ups are powerful pred ictors of client satisfaction (Gerteis, 1993 Potter and Perry, 2001).Other studies in any case showed that irrespective of cultural background and beliefs, providers behavioural attri entirelyes such as showing respect, politeness, provision of covert and reduction in clients waiting time influence clients satisfaction with care (Population Report, 1998).Clients satisfied with the care they received sire been run aground to buy off compliments, comply with instructions, keep clinic appointments and recommend the hospital to friends and family members (Larson and Ferketich, 1993 Kotler and Armatrong, 1997, in contrast, those non satisfied live been found to complain, take legal actions, change providers or even leave the orthodox health care function for complementary therapies or alternate medicate (Luthert, 1990 World Bank Report, 2000 Jegede, 2001).These activities have affected the health care delivery system. In recent times, several changes have also emerged. This inc ludes a change in the stereotyped image of the patients. Historically the patient had been viewed as a passive recipient of healthcare in a paternalistic relationship with the care renderr. This is no interminable the case, as today the client is a comfortably-informed consumer with a strong negotiating power of choice, which he calls to his advantage (Melville, 1997, Alagba 2001).This position was strengthened by the Consumers eminence of Rights of 1965 and the Patients Bill of Rights of 1975 (smelther and stark(a), 2000, Alagba, 2001). The Bills emphasized Client satisfaction with services provided more so as satisfaction has been accepted as a major indicator of quality care. Furthermore, as consumer of the services the client is in the best position to say if a service has met his needs or non. The clients perception of care is thusly of paramount importance to any provider.However, in spite of all these, healthcare thespians care alone may be inadequate to meet all the clients needs. Client-centered care required that healthcare delivery system provide client-friendly hospital policies, adequate number of professionals, safe and clean environment, appropriate equipments and functional laboratories. These facilities provided at affordable prices are necessary to complement healthcare workers efforts and guarantee clients satisfaction.Unfortunately the major hindrance to the achievement of this goal is the high cost of healthcare services, for example, Stanhope and Lancaster (1996), Potter and Perry (2001) account that there was a great hike in health care delivery system in United States of the States. because the health care costs inflation was said to have been higher and faster than the consumer price index between 1950 1980, and in 1993 it was said to have increase twice above the national inflation index. This hyper inflation, Stanhope and Lancaster (1996) further stated led to consumers outcry and great demands for cost effective healthcar e services. Chapter TwoLiterature revaluationConcept of SatisfactionSeveral authors have defined the word satisfaction severally, for example Websters dictionary defines satisfaction as the fulfillment of a need or demand and the attainment of a desired end. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines it as the feeling of contentment felt when one has or achieves what one needs or desires. Satisfaction can also be simply defined as a sense of contentment emanating from sensed needs met.These definitions suggest the need for needs identification and goal setting before satisfaction can be attained. It would also appear that satisfaction is infixed with only the individual attesting to his/her satisfaction. In todays provider-client relationship the onus lies on the providers to strive at client satisfaction.Studies to identify the antecedents of client satisfaction have shown that client satisfaction is one of the results of the provisions of good quality service consequently it has become an significant quality indicator (Filani, 2001 Vuori, 1987). The need to provide quality care is based on several factors including the principle of equity. Clients and consumers who pay for services are entitled to value for money paid.Satisfaction is also found to wager on clients expectations. Each individual has an expectation of the outcome of an interaction, a relationship or an exchange. Positive outcome engenders client satisfaction. This view is well articulated by Kotler and Armstrong (1997) who stated that when a clients expectations are not met, the client is dissatisfied, when it is met the client is satisfied and when it is exceeded, the client is delighted, and keeps coming back. because service providers should assess clients expectation at the inception of a relationship in order to consciously plan to satisfy the client.Sometimes clients may not be sure of what to expect, it becomes necessary for service providers to develop an expectation of good quality in the client so that they can insist on it. other the client may be satisfied with relatively poor services (Shyer and Hossan, 1998).This is not in the interest of the client or the service providers. on that pointfore instruction the client and informing the public on what constitutes appropriate care or service should be seen as efforts to develop and sustain client satisfaction. This is especially important in the light of current reforms in the health care delivery system.Recently, certain forces have occasioned reforms in the healthcare delivery system these forces include universe demographics such as increasing number of the aging population, cultural diversity, changing patterns of disease, technology, economic changes and clients demand for quality care (Smeltzer and Bare, 2000). These forces demanded that care providers developed innovative ship canal to meet clients needs and increase clients satisfaction.Today healthcare is viewed as a product to be purchased and patients hitherto seen as passive recipients of healthcare have metamorphosed into empower consumers. As consumers the clients command the attention of providers and healthcare managers who have a duty to ensure their satisfaction. This view was supported by the British Government when dealing with the discipline Health Service (NHS) inability to cope with paradoxs increasing demand on it by the aging population, the advancements in medical technology and the rising expectations of healthcare users (Melville 1997). alike like consumers it has been noted that healthcare clients are getting increasingly associated with covers, power and empowerment. Their present status enables them to take control of their circumstances and achieve their own goals. Adams (1990) ascertained that it also enables them to work towards the maximization of the quality of their lives. Using their power, clients demand for good quality healthcare their demand is supported by the World Health Organiz ation, Alma Ata closure of 1978, and the constitution of the World Health Organisation (1966).The latter, stated that, good health is a well(p) of all people. This is interpreted to mean a mighty to availability, accessibility and affordability of good quality health care. It fol bases that healthcare should be provided in a way that is acceptable and satisfactory to the consumer, who also has the power of choice.Literatures abound on the clients power of choice (Rogers, 1993, Melville 1997). However, suffice it to note that the client as a consumer uses this power to select between alternatives and chooses what gives him/her best satisfaction. This fact was also noted by Alagbe (2001), who citing the Law of marginal utility stated that Consumers are rational and have the ability to measure the utility or satisfaction they derive from each commodity consumed, and given a total rationality consumers elect a combination of goods and services that will maximize their satisfaction.T his stresses the fact that consumers choose what will give them maximum satisfaction. The power of choice has numerous benefits for clients, including the fact that the client is frequently consulted by the provider or producer (Melville 1997). This also creates a relationship of fusion rather than the paternalistic one that had characterized the healthcare delivery system.The goal before all healthcare providers is to develop and maintain a client-centered service in order to provide quality service and ensure client satisfaction, more so as clients are becoming more knowledgeable and health conscious (Smeltzer and Bare 2000).Their interest was stimulated and sustained by the television, internet, newspapers and magazines other communication media and by political debates. Their increasing demand for quality care based on this increase in knowledge was however catalyzed by the consumers awareness campaigns of the 1960s and 1970s, which subsequently led to the formulation of the Pa tients Bill of Right. This will be reviewed later following a review of the historical background of consumerism.Historical background of consumerismThe early 1960s saw the American public agitating for quality service for every buck spent. Most business executives regarded the agitation as transitory threats. The consumerists however continued and became extremely vocal in their criticisms and protests against escalating cost of services without corresponding improvement in the quality of goods.According to Alagbe (2001) in 1962, the American consumer movement received a major boost with a presentation to the congress of the consumers Bill of Rights by chair John F. Kennedy the bill contained four items namely, that the consumers should have The well(p) to safety This refers to protection against products hazardous to health and life. The amend to be informed This refers to protection against fraudulent, deceitful or misleading teaching in advertising or elsewhere and by also providing people with facts necessary to make informed choices. The right to choose This refers to federal agency of reasonable access where possible to a variety of products and services at competitive prices with government regulations to assure satisfaction, quality and service at fair prices. The right to be heard This refers to the right of redress with the assurance that the consumers interest will receive full and sympathetic consideration by governments expeditious actions.Based on this the American Hospital Association in 1972 published a list of rights for hospitalized patients. The patients bill of rights was devised to inform patients about what they should expect from a caregiver-patient, and a hospital-patient relationship.The patients bill rightsThe patients Bill of Rights have strong implications for the healthcare worker, who is involved in independent, dependent and interdependent care of the patient. The care giver (Doctor, Nurse, Physiotherapist etc) form the a round central and important part of the patients stay in the hospital. The care giver respecting patients right will ensure his satisfaction with care. Every healthcare worker therefore has a responsibility to ensure that the clients right as enunciated by the Bill of Rights is always respected.The bill includes that, a patient has the right to considerate and respectful care. This implies that health services providers should consider such facts as individual preferences, developmental needs, cultural and religious practices and age differences in their care of the patient. S/he also has the responsibility of ensuring that their assistants offer the same level of care.The patient has the right to obtain from his physician, complete current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, in the hurt that the patient can reasonably understand. When it is not medically advisable to give such information to the patient, the information should be made available to an app ropriate and tried person on his behalf. He has a right to know by name the physician, responsible for coordinating his care.The patient has the right to receive from his physician the information to give informed consent. Some patients may not want to know everything about them, so the care giver has the responsibility to explain to the client that it is their right to know all, as it is a legal requirement. This helps the patient appreciate his responsibility for his health. The average client also appreciates the honesty of these commentarys in the long run, because he is electronic organism inured as a partner with decision power.The patient has the power to abandon treatment to the extent permitted by the law, and to be informed of the medical consequences of his action. It is awkward for healthcare workers to understand why clients refuse treatment that can benefit them, but this is a reality. Often, explaining in simple linguistic process the purpose solves the problem . If after the explanation of purpose and procedure, the patient still refuses, the care giver should remember that such action is the patients right. However, good planning of care that includes the patient in planning has tended to slenderise the problem of refusing therapy.The patient has the right to consideration of his privacy. The patients right to privacy is readily violated on busy wards especially where there are no curtains as is the case in most government hospitals in many third-world nations because of the current economic crunch.Healthcare workers as patients advocates should ensure that their rights to privacy are respected. Efforts to ensure clients privacy should include having discussions with clients conducted in private areas not at their bedsides for all to hear. Also patients conditions should not be discussed in the hearing of other patients. Class assignments must not identify a patient by name or position.The patient has a right to expect all communication s and records pertaining to his care to be treated as confidential. Patients charts should not be left to be read and discussed by unauthorized personnel. Laboratory result should be well documented and stored. Healthcare workers need to remind other aids that patients records are confidential and not to be discussed at home with friends and relatives.The patient has a right to expect that within its capacity, a hospital must make reasonable result to the request of a patient for services. Nurses are often in appoint of coordinating services for the patient such as x-rays, appointments with specialists, such as physiotherapist, etc. these should be available and provided in the order that is convenient for the patient. Also in the event of a transfer, the encourage should emphasize this to the reference hospital.The client has the right to obtain information as to any relationship of his hospital to any other healthcare and educational institutions or hospital personnel. Sometim es hospitals are affiliated to or are owned by some religious organizations and universities this has implications for the client care. He therefore has a right to be informed about it.The patient has the right to be advised if the hospital proposes to engage in, or perform human experimentation affecting his care or treatment. He has the right to refuse to participate in such research projects. Most clinical trials take place without the clients knowledge, or even when explained the language may be too technical for the client to understand.After explicit explanation, a client should be asked to sign a separate consent in addition to his consent for care if an experimental therapy is proposed to him. He can also withdraw at will without any reprisals. The patient has a right to refuse permission to any one to touch his body. His basic responsibility is to himself and not to the advancement of science or learning.A patient has a right to expect reasonable continuity of care. Healthc are must to continuous and of the same quality. A change in shift should not result in negligence.The patient has a right to examine and receive an explanation of his bill, regardless of the source of payment. In places where bills are paid by third parties and insurance, it is easy to assume that clients should not care about charges. The client has a right to receive explanations and demand for rational charges.The patient has a right to know what hospital rules and regulations apply to his conduct as a patient. Some hospital rules are very restrictive, however, if they are written down and given to patients, the patients are more likely to remember them. Patients have the right to be properly informed having the booklets to review at his leisure time and reminding them of these rules will help compliance.It is important that a client has access to the bill of rights as the consumers access to the bill of rights ensures that he is able to demand for his rights.However as the patie nts advocate, the healthcare worker has a responsibility of ensuring that these rights are respected as provided. These rights ensure that the consumer/clients basic needs are met. To guarantee this, Haskel and Brown (1998) recommended that hospitals should create a culture that focuses on patients.This, they argued will allow health workers to respond to patients needs and even go beyond their expectations. The Health care system determines the quality or services provided. Unfortunately today, healthcare financing is more economy driven than patient-centered. (World Bank Report, 2000). This portends a danger for client care and needs to be examined.Healthcare systemsThis can be defined as the organ that organizes and funds health care services. Its goal is to provide an optional mix of access, quality and cost. Kielhorn and Schulenburg (2000) set three basic models of health care system. These are the Beveridge model, the public-private mixed model and the private insurance model . The differentiating factor appears to be the musical accompaniment and the coverage.Beveridge ModelThis is funded through taxation and usually covers everybody who wishes to participate in the state. Countries using this model include United Kingdom, Canada, Demark, Finland, Greece and NorwayIn this model healthcare budgets compete with other government spending priorities such as education, housing and defence. Consequently budget cuts and run away inflation lead to high costs of healthcare services. One of the resultant effects is shortage of healthcare professionals, like doctors, nurses, physiotherapists etc. Regrettably this is feared to have affected the quality of healthcare.For example, Ferlman (2000), after a poll conducted on 2,000 adults for the British medical association reported that, the number of people satisfied with the health service dropped to 58% as compared with 72% part in 1998. The population who were very dissatisfied or fairly dissatisfied rose from 17 percent to 28 percent This result may not be unconnected to the decline in the quality of healthcare services.Public Private Mix ModeThis model is funded to begin with by a premium-financed social mandatory insurance, it has a mix of private and public providers, which allows for more flexible spending on healthcare. (Kielhorn and Schulenburg, 2000). Participants are expected to pay insurance premium into competing non- hit funds and the physicians and hospital are paid through negotiated contracts.The funds can also be supplemented through additional voluntary payments. Countries that use this model according to Kielhorn and Schulenburg (2000) include France, Germany, Australia, Switzerland and Japan.Private Insurance ModelThis model exists exclusively in its pure form in the United State of America (USA). Healthcare there is funded through premium paid into private insurance companies. The health insurance is not mandatory, so most often people with low income and high-anticipate d healthcare cost, like people with chronic diseases are often unable to afford insurance.This makes healthcare in this system selective and non-equitable. An estimated 15% of the population in USA where this model is practiced are said to be unable to have any insurance cover. (Kielhorn and Schulenburg, 2000).Any of these three basic healthcare funding models are utilized by most healthcare organizations to fund the healthcare delivery system. However due to the global changes occasioned by various factors healthcare organizational developments became necessary, in order to contain costs and ensure quality care. (Stanhope and Lancaster 1996 Yoderwise, 1999).The United Kingdom Health System In a bid to provide on the loose(p) healthcare services for all UK residents, National Health Service (NHS) was founded in 1948. Funds for running the NHS was got through general taxation and this fund is administered by the segment of health. Essentially, consumers of healthcare services do n ot pay at the point of receiving the services.Apart from the NHS, Private healthcare providers also exist in the UK but the consumers of their services either pay at the point of service or through insurance.The NHS Considerable changes have occurred in the structure of the NHS over time. There is however no considerable differences in the structure and functions of the NHS among the countries which make up the UK. In England for example, the department of health in collaboration with other regional bodies or agencies take charge of the overall strategy while the local branch of a particular NHS takes the key decisions about local healthcare.The secretary of state for health is the minister overseeing the NHS and he reports to or is accountable to the Parliament. The overall healthcare management is the duty of the department of health, which formulates and decides the direction of healthcare.England has about 28 strategic health authorities which are pertain with the healthcare of their regions. They are the intermediary between the NHS and Department of health.Types of trusts Local NHS are called Trusts and they provide primary and secondary healthcare. England has about 300 Primary care trusts and these alone receive of the total NHS budget.NHS Trusts these are responsible for specialized patient care and services. They run most hospitals in the UK. There are different types of NHS trust astute trusts providing short term care e.g. accident and emergency care, maternity, x-rays and surgeries etc Care trusts mental health trusts and ambulance trusts.Foundation trusts ownership of these trusts is by the local community, employees, local residents. Patients here have more power to shape their healthcare based on their perceived health needs to their satisfaction.Private HealthcareThis sub-sector of the UK healthcare system is not as big as the NHS and does not enjoy similar structure of accountability as the NHS. They may be similar to the NHS in service p rovision but are not bound to follow any national treatment guideline and are not saddled with responsibility of the healthcare of the larger community. regularisation and inspection of healthcare system in the UK are carried out by a number of designated bodies. Some of these are the national institute for clinical excellence the healthcare commission the commission for social care inspection and the national patients safety agency.Community Satisfaction with Healthcare SystemWorld Bank (2000) identified three basic types of healthcare organizations providers in the healthcare system. These are the market or for profit co-operations, the government, and the not for-profit organizations. The last group includes the mission hospitals run by religious and non-governmental organizations. For them their main objective is to provide quality care for the citizens. Although scarce resources often limit their efforts, they are reported to be providing quality care to clients within their me ans. (World Report, 2000).In Government run systems especially in many resource-constrained nations, the main complaint is the failure of the Government run systems, which are supposed to be the most equitable and cheapest system for providing care, is beingness run down for ideological reasons in some countries, (World Bank, 2000). This jeopardizes the availability of healthcare services to the individual, resulting in the clients non-satisfaction with one.Lastly, are the for-profit co-operations. These, according to World Bank (2000) have problems of care and affordability, which parallel their profit. The affordability is noted to be most acute in the market-listed companies. This is because the prime objective of these groups entering the health market is to make profit from the sickness the most costly and least affordable healthcare providers. Unfortunately while share holders are getting profit the clients for whom health care is provided are receiving poor quality care.Worl d Report (2000) documented declining care and increasing dissatisfaction with healthcare in most countries. The greatest dissatisfaction was reported in the market-based systems and when market placed systems replaced state funded ones.The market system in the USA, which was supposed to help the citizens, is criticized for deliberately exploiting them. Critics argued that the strong competitive measures encouraged, have destroyed the morality of USAs hospitals Samaritan culture and the professionals of the healthcare providers.Patients were reported to have had to suffer as a result. Equity was also said to have become a problem, as healthcare is no more available to all citizens. This was attributed to the effect of the market systems on the health care delivery service.The market based systems are also reported to have wide spread incidences of denial of care of patients, mis-use of patients for profit and neglect of the frail and vulnerable (World Bank, 2000). These were said to have occurred when profits were being earned and shared by corporate bodies to shareholders. Information from the market place were said to have revealed receptive marketing, and mis-information which covered up the misdeeds of the corporate bodies.In response proponents of the market system defended their policies and argued for its usefulness, and value in healthcare reforms. For examples Samuel (2000) argued that competition, a fall out of the market system encourages efficiency, reduces costs, enhances responses to consumer demands and favours innovations.Consumer empowerment, he stressed is one of the dividends of competitive healthcare systems. He added that introducing competition would provide consumers the freedom to choose between different services and different delivery mechanisms that meet their needs. It is also expected that this would increase their satisaction. warring pressures, Samuel (2000) pointed out will break down self-regulatory practices by service provide rs, developed essentially to serve their interest, so that clients interest will eventually be served. plot of ground the above argument is appreciated, it is also observed that the problem of equity is more profound here, as it appears that only the few that can afford quality care can get it. In the light of the what Alma Ata declaration of 1978, all nations have a responsibility and an obligation to attend to the health needs of all their citizens.It is required to make healthcare available, accessible, affordable and acceptance to all. These places on the government of every nation the responsibility to ensure that there is equity in health care services distribution. In order to ensure this, countries like the United Kingdom entirely funded the National Health Service (Kielhorn and Schulenburg, 2000). As a result, even in the face of health care cuts and shortages the NHS clients were found to be very supportive of the system. (Walsh, 1999).In most other countries, clients ha ve reacted to the healthcare system and services provided in various ways. In some places, they have responded with an observable move away from conventional medical care. This trend, most argue, can be traced to the high cost of the latter.There is also the argument that clients expectations are no longer met through conventional healthcare services. This is said to be so especially for clients with less serious disorders. For example, Manga (1993) found that clients were considerably less satisfied with medical physicians management of their low back pain than chiropractic management of the same ailment. These observations, were also corroborated by Cherkin and Maccomak, (1989) and Harris Poll, (1994).Processes of a health service systemThe processes of a healthcare service system refer to the actual performance of the activities of care. Stanfeld (1992) identified two components of the processes. These are the activities of the providers of care and the activities of the populati on.Activities of health care providersEvery interaction between an individual or community and a care provider begins with need or problem identification. Starfield (1992) stated that the problem recognition implies an awareness of the existence of situations requiring attention in a health context.Diagnosis, planning and intervention follows after that assessment, is carried out. Evaluation is done intermittently and the end of the intervention to determine if the original diagnosis, plan and interventions were appropriate and adequate for the recognized need.In nursing, models of care such as the nursing process are utilized to hasten systematic and scientific provision of quality care and client satisfaction. Also care provided is guided by established institutional standards of care. Effective assessment of clients needs and its resolution is expected to have an outcome of client satisfaction. It is therefore important that the healthcare provider intervention should be client centered, in order to achieve the set goal.Activities of the clientPeople decide whether or not, and when to use the health care system (Starfield 1992). It is in coming in fulfill with the health care system that clients recognize what services are offered and the quality of the services offered. The clients experiences enable them to form their opinions, deciding if they are satisfied or not (Starfield 1992).The caring process involves the performance of the activities of car

Potential Problems In Raising Brand Awareness

Potential Problems In Raising Brand Aw arnessProduct Brandingvictimization relevant physical exercises from the public, non-profit and toffee-nosed sectors, discuss the reasons why different types of organizations might consider shuffleing to be the or so main(prenominal) aspect of their product or service. What be the potential problems with building brands?One thing in common between Coca-Cola, McDonald, Disney, Nike, Sony, and Microsoft is that they all allow provideful brands that are recognised all over the world. The well-established brand names have helped these companies generate enormous fortune. at that place is little doubt that brand names are the well-nigh valuable as heaps for m whatsoever companies. For this reason, there are still many companies that are struggling to build their brand names and the majority of to sidereal days large companies have taken the legacy of exist brands in order to make them more than(prenominal)(prenominal) competitive. For e xample, although mineral water is an undifferentiated product, Nestle acquired Perrier for $2.5 billion because of the Perriers long established brand name that carried a charm invaluable to Nestle. There has been a growing interest in the value of brand names. As of 1993, the most valuable brand name was Coca-Cola with an estimated charge of $36 billion (Owen 1993). The worlds10 most valuable brands in 2006 were (in rank order) Coca-Cola, Microsoft, IBM, General Electric, Intel, Nokia, Toyota, Disney, McDonald, and Mercedes-Benz. Coca-Colas brand value was $67 billion, Microsofts $57 billion, and IBMs $56 billion. With these well-known companies, brand value is typically over wholeness-half of the total company market capitalization (Business Week 2006).The reasons for such high worthy of brand names include (1) the costs of new product launch reaching approximately $100 million and high failure rates (2) the waver of consumers to buy unfamiliar new products and (3) high return s successful brands yield (Aaker 1991). Todays successful companies have launched brands that create a wealth of perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and experiences to turn a product and name into some(a)thing to which the consumer relates. Their stigmatisation strategy has been developed to meet the needs and desires of consumers (Stobart 1994 Kochan 1996).The focus of this essay is to look the reasons why most organizations considered branding as the most the important aspect of their products or services as well as looking at the potential problems when building a brand.What is a Brand?There is little doubt that brands are at the heat of marketing and business strategy. Strong brands buns make companies win in todays exceedingly competitive marketplace. One may question, How did a brand originate? and What does a brand mean? The charge of this part is to answer these two questions and to examine the implications for branding.The assembly line of a BrandAccording to Nilson (1998) , the term brand originated from the Scandinavian word for branna, meaning to burn a mark on something. The Swedish word for elevate is brand. In the earliest days of farming, farmers or ranchers put their symbols on the cattle with the help of a hot iron in order to assert their unspoiled to ownership (Kochan 1996 Nilson 1998). Since then, branding has been used in order to claim someones ownership of a good or service.Literatures show that the first example of branding is the manufacture of oil lamps in the Greek islands. During this time, people bought a primitive form of oil lamp, but the quality of the lamp varied. People could not ensure between a good and bad lamp when they made purchase. For this reason, craftsmen in one Greek island started to put a special symbol on their long-lasting lamp so that people can distinguish their products from less-lasting lamps produced by others. They branded their goods so that they could differentiate their product and, presumably, char ge a premium price (Nilson 1998). Similarly, today many companies want to build brands so that consumers can pick their products not those of others.The Definition of a BrandAccording to Brassigton and Pettitt a brand is the creation of a three-dimensional lineament for product, defined in terms of name, packaging. Colours, symbols etc., that helps to differentiate it from its competitors, and helps the customer to develop a kind with the product (Brassigton and Pettitt 2003, p. 1099). Some experts have, however, argued that it is dangerous to adopt one single interpretation of a brand because there are many other things to be taken into account. They insist that brand definitions should be categorised nether six headings (1) visual (2) perceptual (3) positioning (4) added value (5) human body and (6) personality (Nilson 1998). In addition, we need to look at other meanings in order to have a wear out understanding of a brand. There are two trifleative models brand image an d brand individuality that are different from each other. Brand image refers to the image of a brand that exists in the minds of consumers as a result of all the information they have received about the brand, from experience, word of mouth, advertising, packaging, service and so on the information is modified by selective perception, previous beliefs, social norms, forgetting (Randall 1997).Companies can control their brand images as long as they understand the content and expression of their brand. The four dimensions form the essence at the centre. The brand identity, such as the brands name, logo, colours, tagline, and symbol (Kotler 2003), becomes strong only when the four dimensions keep up each other constantly. If any quadrant is weak, or sending conflicting messages, then resulting image in consumers minds will be confused (Randall 1997).Reasons why most organizations consider branding to be the most important aspect of their products or serviceA brand is a necessity for a business and whether the coach-and-four likes it or not a business will have a brand profile. Working closely with the brand, rather than in the classical business aesthesis of leaving it to the customers to work out what to think about the company, will give the organization some distinct advantages.The importance of branding in a mystical organization can be summarized in two categories first it is financially beneficial for the company, and second it gives the employees a sense of purpose. For the purpose of boosting morale, a brand that the employees can be proud of, and feel a sense of belonging to, can have considerable positive effect on the morale in a company (Nilsoon 1998). One example is the Virgin group where founder Richard Bransons very high profile and clear statements about company purpose officiate as morale booster for the whole group. Similar effects appear to be at play at Microsoft, where a strong sense of identity with the company and consequently wit h the brand pushes employees to high levels of productivity and, not least, loyalty (Nilson 1998).For profit reservation purposes, a strong brand in a undercover sector creates barriers to entry. The stronger the brand values of the leading brands in a sector, the stronger the reputation of the main competitors and the more difficult it is for other players to enter the market. Brands similarly often represent continuity which is important in the sense of keeping customer relations. Having a strong brand does create economies of scale, not least in communication. A well-established and properly built brand will in an instant communicate a distinct set of values (such as trustworthy, reliable and leading-edge) untold quicker and more effectively than any expensive commercial (Nilson 1998).Branding helps a firm to introduce a new product that carries the name of one or more of its existing products, because buyers are already familiar with the firms existing brands. For example, Heinz regularly introduces new tinned products. Since consumers are used to buying the brand and have a high regard for its quality, they are likely to try the new offerings. Branding in addition facilitates promotional efforts because the promotion of each branded product indirectly promotes all other products that are similarly branded (Dibb et al 1997).Branding also helps seller by fostering brand loyalty. Brand loyalty is a strongly motivated and long decision to purchase a product or service. To the extent that buyers become loyal to a specific brand, the companys market share for that product achieve a certain level of stability, allowing the firm to use its re reference points more efficiently. When a firm succeeds in fostering some degree of customer loyalty to a brand, it can charge a premium price for the product (Dibb et al 1997). For example, Consumers are loyal to buy Armani because they take account its status and fashionable values, and Apple computers because they appreciate their creative and human values. These values reflect and enhance the consumers sense of him/himself and provide a tonality source of brand differentiation (Kochan 1996).Similarly, the importance of branding in the public sector cannot be under-estimated. firearm it remains an essential part in the day to day running of private sectors for the purpose of maximising profits, the profit making purpose is however less significant with public sectors. A distinct example of branding in the public sector is the NHS. Rather than being portrayed as a brand for profit making, the aim of the NHS is provide adequate health awe service for the nation. Due to the virtual non-existence of an aim of making profits, there is little or no competition for the NHS, there root there ought to be other reasons for their mixed forms of branding. A significant example of the essence of branding for the NHS is their association with life saving ventures such as safe sex practices and quit smok ing campaigns (Lecturers logical argument 2006),. The assorted steps taken by the NHS to encourage safe sex practices through the television and newspaper adverts ensure that they are easily associated with any life saying adverts and their NHS brand once seen on TV means a life saving advert is coming on. Even though, this is not fore the sake of making profits but people start taking them more seriously, likewise what they preach, thereby achieving the ultimate goal of saving lives (Lecturers Note 2006). Like the private companies, they spend some money on adverts and branding but more emphasis is on profit making by the private companies than the public companies. Essentially, branding is a way of getting attention and exploitation a relationship with target audiences and this is especially important for public organizations with little or no aim of profit making. The competitiveness brought about by branding in the public sector is therefore targeted at getting audiences rath er than making more profits than private companies (Colyer 2006).Furthermore, branding for non-profit making organizations is as important as those for private and public organizations albeit with a slightly different aim and approach. The aim of competition is as important for non-profit making organizations as it is important for private organizations. Branding here is therefore aimed at building a better relationship with supporters, thereby establishing greater trust in the organization. Interestingly, it may be surprising to find out that competition among non profit making organizations such as various charities may be as fierce as private organizations. This competition is however aimed at making ones charity the most important in the minds of the people than other charities. For example, the impact of branding by the NSPCC may be the outstanding factor that determines if to donate money to them rather than the heart foundation. Similarly, the charities we discern to support may be borne out of the fact that a significant aspect of its branding appeals to us more than other types (Lecturers Note 2006). While most charities aim to save lives, the branding may be geared towards making the life saving purpose more urgent than others. The different Tsunami charities set up in 2004 after the Tsunami tragedy as part of their branding gave vivid views of devastating events in Asia as they set out to outdo one another in donations, even though they were for the same course. In this case, the competitive nature of branding may be said to be, to generate as much funds as possible for a similar course rather than for making profits (Mitchell 2005).Potential problems in raising brand sentiencyThe power of a well-known brand name, supported by strong advertising, is so great (and long lasting) that 20 of the top 25 leading brands in 2005 were also among the top 25 in 2006. But companies are finding it increasingly difficult to attract the customers attention and c reate brand awareness because of the clutter of new products, brands, and advertising in the environment. Thus, approximately 90% of new products are pulled from the market within two or three years of their introduction. more or less of them failed for lack of name recognition consumers were just not aware of them (Morgan 1999 Bulkeley 1991).The risks of creating a new brand are so great that many companies are developing so-called line extensions. Rather than developing a new brand name, marketers are applying their existing, well-known brand name to new products. Red Bounty (with subdued chocolate), Coca-Cola Light, and Ariel Colour are but a few well-known examples. Building name recognition can be very difficult and very expensive, especially for small companies. Market leaders often command budget upon 10 times greater than smaller companies. For instance, Nike and Reebok spend about $100 million. Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola can afford to spend hundreds of millions of dollars on extensive advertising campaigns (Pereira 1991).Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers node FactorsSome customers like to seek variety in their experience they get bored with the same product or life experience. Other customers like diversify and variety and are happy with old. The variety-seeking customers may switching from one brand to another, not because they are dissatisfied with the first brands performance and other values, but rather simply for the sake of change and variety. The more variety seeking a customer is, the less brand loyal he is likely to be (Sheth et al 1999).ConclusionIn conclusion, the key to developing a brand vision is to assess the values of the organization, distil them into a vision and not tamper or interfere with the visions simplicity and power. Consistency and clarity are all-important. Coke forgot the strength and simplicity of its existing product values when it tried re-launching its much loved product under the banner of New Formula (Coca cola Seminar Video 2006). Conversely, Mars understood perfectly its existing product values when it launched Mars ice cream on the back of the Mars bar. Design and presentation of the product flows from the values. Coherence is once again the name of the game. The presentation of the packaging, the use of the logo, the typeface all need to coincide with the brand values and be internally consistent with Cost effectiveness (Nilson 1998 Kochan 1996). Nevertheless, it is clear that branding plays an important role in the private public as well as non-profit sector. However, a company raise profit if it builds a strong brand name. The company can benefit if consumers buy its brand in preference to other brands, and it gains more benefits if this preference maintains for long periods. If customers perceive one brand as superior, then they become less sensitive to price. Rather, they will be willing to pay more for the brand they like. Such brand loyalty allows the company to charge more and thus generate healthy cash flows. It also makes it harder for competitors to enter the market. Building a brand has become concern for every business. Brands are, therefore, at the heart of marketing and business strategy.ReferencesAaker, D. A., (1991), Managing Brand Equity Capitalising on the apprise of a Brand Name, New York The Free PressBusiness Week, (2006), The Worlds 10 Most Valuable Brands, http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_32/b3744003.htmColyer, E., (2006), Branding in public, http//brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=310moreKochan, N., (1996), The Worlds Greatest Brands London McMillan Business, 1996, pp. x-xiKotler, P., (2003), Marketing Management, New Jersey Prentice-HallLecturer (2006), Lecturers handout and Coca cola Seminar video Birkbeck CollegeMitchell, B. (2005), involve Poverty History passion statement, http//brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=249Morgan, A., (1999), Eating the Big Fish, New York John Wiley So ns, IncNilson, T. H., et al., (1998), Competitive Branding Winning in the Marketplace with Value-Added Brands. Chichester John Wiley SonsNissim, B., (2004), non-profit-making Branding Unveiling the Essentials, http//www.guidestar.org/DisplayArticle.do?articleId=833Ourosoff, A., (1994), Brands Whats Hot? Whats Not?, Financial World, Aug. 1994, pp. 240-55Owen, S., (1993), The Landor Image Power Survey a Global Assessment of Brand durability, in Brand Equity and Advertising, ed. Aaker, D. A., et a. Hillsdale Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesPereira, J., (1991), Name of the Game Brand Awareness, The Wall Street Journal, 14 Feb. 1991, pp. B1, B4Randall. G., (1997), Branding, London Kogan PageSheth, J. N., et al, (1999), Customer Behaviour Customer Behaviour and Beyond. Fort Worth The Dryden PressStobart, P., (1994), Brand Power, London The Macmillan Press Ltd

The Inevitable Spread of Soviet-backed Communism in Eastern Europe Essa

The Inevitable Spread of Soviet-backed Communism in easterly EuropeAt the end of World state of war II, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States were principle players involved with reshaping post-war Europe. The region most affected policy changes was Eastern Europe, which includes those states that would eventually fall behind the Iron Curtain. dapple the camaraderie between the Big Three deteriorated, Soviet-backed communism was spreading across Eastern Europe. The argument during this time was that expansionism was inevitable since Stalin had already decided to establish Soviet power and Soviet-typed systems in the lands his army occupied resistance was pointless. While nothing in history is inevitable, to a great extent, expansionism was highly probable, especially due to Eastern European political traditions, its political structure after World War II and the westbounds inactivity in the region which left the area more hypersensitive to Soviet-backed communism. As George Schopflin states, Stalin, however ruthless and powerful he may turn oer been, was not possessed of superhuman abilities (58).Prior to the war, Eastern Europe did not have a history of strong democratic traditions. Schopflin, who describes the region as backward and authoritarian goes on to say, The bulk of the population was excluded from any significant control over political decision-making and tended to acquiesce in the old, established patterns of rule and deference (38). From 1918 to 1944, Eastern Europe was dominated by great empires, such as the Habsburg and Ottoman empires, only when almost overnight, that structure toppled, leaving a power vacuum.During the years between World War I and World War II, Eastern Europe looked to the West for a suc... ...ge Anglo-Soviet relations and conceded much of Eastern Europe. However, it was beneficial to the British and the Americans to sacrifice the region because they needed evidence to define the Soviet Union and communi sm as the enemy. Soviet-backed communist expansion was not inevitable, but it was greatly aided by international factors and Eastern European domestic factors. BibliographyAsh, Timothy. Hungarys Revolution Forty Years On The New York Review. McCauley, Martin, ed. Communist Power in Europe 1944-1949. New York Harper & Row publishers, 1977.Schopflin, George. Politcs in Eastern Europe 1945-1992. Oxford Blackwell, 1993.Seton-Watson, Hugh. The East European Revolution. London Methuen & Co., 1956.Yergin, Daniel. burst Peace The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977.

We Are Living in a Corporate Dystopia Essay -- Persuasive Argumentati

A Corporate Dystopia Our children argon being brainwashed. Not overtly, mind you, and not in any way that would be so violent as to cause alarm with most parents, but subtly and persistently, powerful entities are programing and transforming the next generation of American citizens into obedient attendants and reasonless drones. Without the necessary steps taken to prevent it, our future will lie in the hands of hands and women who, instead of using a well-cultivated intellect, will involve attack on the problems of their day with the Just do it. and Why ask why? knee-jerk responses of their wasted childhood, divergence real power to reside with their programmers Coca-Cola, Nike, Disney, et al. By allowing corporations justify access to the minds of our children (as many of us do), we take the first bold steps down the road to the digest unfermented World. Ignoring this threat and treating it as either non-existent or only minimally significant is tantamount to inviting Hux leys dystopian vision into our own human race. In so doing, we designate ourselves up for a decidedly dark tomorrow. To the uninitiated, the orderliness of Huxleys Brave New World at first seems to be only pure science assembly with no visible ties to reality. After all, we have no government-controlled hereditary engineering of human beings in our world. We do not center our childrens education around entertainment and the maintenance of happiness. We have no drug, or soma, to handle us in a state of physical bliss and emotional contentedness. Yet, for all its fantasy, there are several uncomfortably close connections with our own world in Huxleys ominous vision. For instance, while there is currently no centralized system of large-scale genetic engineering, recent... ...ty to apathy and, more importantly, teach our children to do the same. In Huxleys vision, no Big Brother is required to deprive mass of their autonomy, maturity and history. As he saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that bring out their capacities to think. -From curious Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman Works Cited Coca-Cola Company. 1997 Annual Report. Atlanta Coca-Cola Company. 1998. Available online at http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/index.html Hays, Constance L. maths Textbook Salted With Brand Names Raises New Alarm. New York Times 21 Mar. 1999. Available online at http//www.nytimes.com Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York Time, Inc. 1963. Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death Public Discourse in the date of Show-Business. New York Viking. 1985. We Are Living in a Corporate Dystopia Essay -- Persuasive ArgumentatiA Corporate Dystopia Our children are being brainwashed. Not overtly, mind you, and not in any way that would be so violent as to cause alarm with most parents, but subtly and persistently, powerful entities are programming and transforming the next generation of American citizens into obedient attendants and mindless drones. Without the necessary steps taken to prevent it, our future will lie in the hands of men and women who, instead of using a well-cultivated intellect, will feign attack on the problems of their day with the Just do it. and Why ask why? knee-jerk responses of their wasted childhood, leaving real power to reside with their programmers Coca-Cola, Nike, Disney, et al. By allowing corporations free access to the minds of our children (as many of us do), we take the first bold steps down the road to the Brave New World. Ignoring this threat and treating it as either non-existent or only minimally significant is tantamount to inviting Huxleys dystopian vision into our own world. In so doing, we set ourselves up for a decidedly dark tomorrow. To the uninitiated, the society of Huxleys Brave New World at first seems to be only pure science fiction with no visible ties to reality. After all, we have no government-controlled genetic engi neering of human beings in our world. We do not center our childrens education around pleasure and the maintenance of happiness. We have no drug, or soma, to keep us in a state of physical bliss and emotional contentedness. Yet, for all its fantasy, there are several uncomfortably close connections with our own world in Huxleys ominous vision. For instance, while there is currently no centralized system of large-scale genetic engineering, recent... ...ty to apathy and, more importantly, teach our children to do the same. In Huxleys vision, no Big Brother is required to deprive people of their autonomy, maturity and history. As he saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that undo their capacities to think. -From Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman Works Cited Coca-Cola Company. 1997 Annual Report. Atlanta Coca-Cola Company. 1998. Available online at http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/index.html Hays, Constance L. Math Textb ook Salted With Brand Names Raises New Alarm. New York Times 21 Mar. 1999. Available online at http//www.nytimes.com Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York Time, Inc. 1963. Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death Public Discourse in the Age of Show-Business. New York Viking. 1985.