Liquidation Assessment through Strategic Financial Statement Analysis Essay

Liquidation estimate through Strategic Financial Statement Analysis - Essay ExampleThe present research has determine that the year 2009 witnessed liquidation of 19,077 companies as per the figures of the insolvency service representing an increase of 23% from the year 2008. and out of 19,077, 6,335 companies have been declare insolvent. According to Adam, the figures are 13,434 as voluntary liquidations and 5,643 are compulsory liquidations totaling 19,077 as per the above report. Again in the UK, Red Flag Alert says that more than 140,000 were showing signs of financial distress in q4 2009. The figure is 6 % higher than Q3 2009 but 14 % lesser than the identical period in 2008. The corporate failures seem to unbeatable despite fiscal support by the Government, VAT reductions by 2.5% and the HRMCs payment support for 4.2 bn blanket 242,000 time-to-pay arrangements. The U.S.based Circuit City, second largest retailer of electronics next to Best Buy went into liquidation of its last retained investment company after series of one liquidation after another in early 2009 rendering their concluding tally of 30,000 of employees jobless. One commentator has said that it was a well deserved as a poorly managed company. Needless to say, a recession has been responsible for this state of affairs. Recessions are considered a process of the plumbing of economics that removes the inefficient entities and paves way for reallocation of capital and labor to the most deserving entities. The faster the reallocation, the safer the investments. The three slipway in which insolvency is dealt with are the liquidation, rescue, and workout. Liquidation is the process administered by the court for sale of the assets of the insolvent star sign in piecemeal. A rescue is again a court intervention for rehabilitation, reorganization or restructuring of the insolvent firm with the objective of preventing its liquidation. A workout is an informal process where a court has no rol e and the creditors all reschedule their debts or allow settlement of debts at a discount.

Human resources management in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resources management in practice - Essay ExampleAdditionally, there be two types of feedback. Action feedback occurs when you can see by the other somebodys actions whether or not your communication has been understood. For example, when presenting an idea, the person who is receiving the information executes it. Your action feedback is the receiver executing your instruction, or advice. Person feedback, the second type however, can be more difficult. Oftentimes, people do not want to appear to be foolish or unintelligent. Accordingly, they allow lie and say I understand when indeed they do not. Sir Jones offers an alternative manner of assessment ones understanding. He suggests that speaker ask What would you do first Jones abstracts communication barriers and how to overcome them in way which is easy to understand. His charges be especially instructive.Jones instructs that there ar various types of communication that of import to this lecture, focus is keenly on the non verbal types of communication. This section is especially interesting because one is rather aware of the nonverbal communications in the social togting but not in the organisational setting. However, by noting the barriers and following Jones instruction, communication within the organisational execute can be far more successful thus leading to effective leadership.Recruiting people who are wrong for the organisation c... A job vacancy provides the perfect opportunity to consider restructuring, or to assess the requirements of the job (Pearn and Kandola 1993). A notification of a job vacancy should be clear. It should clearly and accurately set out the duties and responsibilities of the job and should include those items outlined within the article (Couwood 2005). Moreover, there is a detailed outline of suggested items to place in a job posting advertisement. Each of these items allow the employer and employee to come to the table with a clear description of what is expected and what is sought. Required abilities should be expressed in terms of the standards required, not ripe in terms of the task to be undertaken. The sifting stage can help the organisation by providing feedback on the advertising process and the suit aptitude of the application form. It can also identify people who top executive be useful elsewhere in the organisation. To avoid any possibility of bias, such sifting should be undertaken by two or more people. If there are too many possible candidates, thence they should be weighed up against the desirable qualities specified. Further, if the job involves practical skills, it may be appropriate to test for ability before or at the time of interview. This is generally acceptable for manual and word processing skills, but less useful for clerical and administrative posts. There are various tests that organisations can apply to prospective candidates. Finally, the most common process of recruitment is The most common type of interview used in the selection process is a structured interview with a traditional format. It usually consists of three phases. The prefatory phase covers the greeting, small talk, and an overview of which

Attack Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attack envision - Essay ExampleOne person thousands of miles away can wreak havoc on an ideal company. Computer networks argon vulnerable attack and it is wise to consider those weak points in order to check attacks that can have disastrous consequences. This report will detail an attack plan on thanksgiving Industries International. Background on free grace Industries International Goodwill Industries International is now a work round-eyed organization that began as a grassroots effort aimed at providing underprivileged individuals with sustainable employment opportunities. done a series of second hand stores and other facilities worldwide, this goal has been made a reality. Goodwill depends on a done network in the millions worldwide in order to meet its financial obligations and to musical accompaniment thousands of individuals employed. The organization now largely depends on the Internet for its elaborate system of financial donors, without which it would almost sure en ough struggle to exist. Possible Attacks As Goodwill must keep a system of donor records, these lists are readily available inside its network. We the donation sites to be shut down, it would debilitate the organization, which in the end would stand up quite costs. Financial development that is leaked, or that falls into the wrong hands, would wreak havoc on millions of donors worldwide. An attacker would likely first seek to gain access to donor databases (Bayrak, et al 71). They could overly work to say Goodwill Industries International offline. Attackers can also infiltrate donor information with malicious code, which would disable the capacity of the organization as a while to access valuable information. Without access to donor records, a benevolent organization much(prenominal) as Goodwill would struggle to raise the needed financial capital it unavoidably on a monthly basis. In addition, an attack that threatens the integrity of donor information will also be an att ack on the trustworthiness of the organization. If individual donors can no longer feel that their information is safe with Goodwill, they will likely cease to give to the charitable organization. One goal of an attack of this order of magnitude would be that an individual or group of people simply want to cause harm to the organization. This could be as a result of simple malicious behavior, or because the individual holds a grudge of about sort against the company. In addition, accessing privileged donor information could destroy the integrity of the entire charitable patience concept worldwide. A secondary goal could be to actually use the personal information gained during such an attack to cause individual harm to a particular donor or group of donors. societal Engineering and Physical Security Social engineering could certainly give an attacker an avenue whereby finish off with individual donors at Goodwill Industries International, enticing them to give more money to caus es that are actually sour and non-existent. Phishing is one such strategy that could be utilized to trap users into giving their password information, after which the attacker could easily gain access to privileged information (Mayur & Richards 69). This is a relatively simply strategy that Goodwill is particularly susceptible to. By creating a mirror image of the actual Goodwill site, donors could be tricked into opinion that the organization is actually asking for information when, in fact, it is the attacker that is seeking to steal their private information. In the end, social engineering

A Class Apart Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

A Class Apart - Movie Review ExampleGustavo Garcia, who was a competent Mexican-American civil rights lawyer offered to set up Hernandez in the supreme court of law. Other lawyers that accompanied Garcia was James de Anda and Chris Alderete. Garcias argument was that the fourteenth amendment secure protection not just on the criteria of race, blacks and Caucasians but also class. The jury selectively discriminated the Mexican-Americans on the creation of class. The state of Texas openly excluded the Hispanics on the pretext that the fourteenth amendment only sheltered the whites and blacks and that the Mexican- Americans were a section of the whites. This was not justified as most Mexican-Americans were legally isolated since for over years no Hispanic served in the jury (Prince, 2010).Earl Warren, the chief justice was compelled to make a ruling in favour of Hernandez basing on Garcias argument. Although it is true that Hernandez killed Joe Epinosa, this decision was bound to sav e the rest of the Mexican-Americans from the infamous exclusion of legal matters and widespread infraction of human rights. (Prince, 2010) It is also though thiruling that the Civil rights of Mexican-Americans were

Un Decided (Can be chosen from 6 topics in the handout uploaded) Essay

Un Decided (Can be chosen from 6 topics in the handout uploaded) - Essay Example17).doubting Thomas Hobbes, hind end Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau talk about the social contract because man lived in a State of record and the social contract serves as the gateway to the civil society. It is important to note that three philosophers have their perspicuous view of the state of reputation and have made their contribution to the social contract theory, but all share these principles.The social contract theory by Thomas Hobbes deviated from the above views which were major proponents of theories by John Locke and Rousseau hugely influenced by his views on the state of nature (Markfield 2006, p.35). Hobbes advanced for a more power vested in the government because of his views that humans are generally selfish seen in salvage in the state of nature before civilization or civil societyThe main aim for this essay writing is to credit the question of what is the role of social contrac t in western political theory. The objective of this essay paper is to list each role of a social contract and give an in-depth explanation as to how it is a role in relation to the western theory of politics. It will give a brief foundation garment and soul of the theory of western politics.The theory of social contract originates from the concept that the society needs clean as well as the need for a just people (Huttegger and Smead 2011, p.15). With a keen note at the works of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, this essay paper intends to give a advance perspective on the role of social contract in western political theory. The basic understanding of a social contract is to create a voluntary contract. This contract helps the society to shift from a state of nature to a state of civilization. The term state of nature is similar to the operating of the animal(prenominal) kingdom. It is important to note that the security of a soulfulness is very much depen dent on the persons power.Social contract strives to provide a

PESTLE analysis for the LUKoil company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PESTLE analysis for the LUKoil company - Essay Example metaphysical view of LUKOIL In monitoring of the companys macro-environmental or external marketing factors, the analysis would attend in shedding light on some of the factors that have an impact on Lukoil Company. As a major market player, Lukoil Company operates through four operating segments. These are the geographic expedition and crosswayion part, the branch of refining, Marketing and Distribution, chemicals segment, and power generation segment (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2003, p. 23). This comes through exploration of natural resources in order to produce crude oil and natural gas. The expansion of this company extends its interests in operational zones by holding properties in Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, South America, South East Asia, the Middle East, and North and westerly Africa (Kotok & Sciarretta 2010, p. 78). The success of Lukoil depends on its versatility to navigate t he political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors surrounding its operations, since it is an international corporation cutting across the origin world. PESTEL ANALYSIS Political and Economical factors The political factors stem from the extend of the governments policies in interpose the economy by either through political stability or instability, foreign trade, tax policy, labor laws, in addition, trade restriction. Since Lukoil is an international corporation, its operation, and success cut through many political realms and may sure enough influence how the company does business (International Business Publications, USA 2011, p. 23). It is therefore the mandate of the Lukoil Company to respond to the reliable and potential legislations in order to adjust their market policy accordingly. The profitability of Lukoil Company largely relies on its economic factors (Plunkett 2008, p. 120). There are macro-economical factors like economic growth, inte rest rates, inflation, and disposal income of consumers, exchange rates, and businesses. The oil product profits and losses that this company derives from diverse contexts of its markets come with the way the management of demand goes on in the respective economies of operation. This varies, as different countries especially in the East, cannot compare their economy with countries of the West like USA. How intumesce Lukoil adjusts itself to the governments mechanism such as interest rate control, taxation policy and government expenditure determines their amplification or loss in the economies of investments. Social and Technological factors There are also social ethnic factors in the regions with the highest Lukoil investment, which influence a lot on its operations. Many regions have different beliefs, and shared attitudes indoors their population. Compare the social factors of Eastern Europe and those of East and South Asia and this would culminate in the way the use of good s and services of products do range of different contexts (Marinova & Marinov 2003, p. 104). The large influence of this will depend on the regions population growth, health consciousness, age distribution, and career aptitude. The marketers of Lukoil have no choice other than understand their international customers and their preferences. The way Lukoil markets its products have to

Analysis of Genealogy of Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of genealogy of Morals - Essay ExampleInstead of understanding as organism inherent or natural, he argues, they are the instruments of the privileged few to preserve the status quo and keep themselves in power. In Nietzsches dot of view, this directly undervalues them. I argue that he perceives this notion of good and evil as philosophically shadowy and, moreover, something to be removed from human society.We, as well, just like Nietzsche should begin searching for the origin of the intelligence services. The telephone circuit of Nietzsche is founded on linguistics he explores the words in several quarrels, and terms resembling them. He explores initially the German schlecht which means no-count. He examines parallel words such as schlicht, schlechtweg, and schlechterdings. These three words are deviations of the word simple, guiding Nietzsche to the assumption that the words are connected that to a certain extent the meaning of schlecht was modified, and this adjustm ent stands for the ideals of the German society of that period, that the plebeians, average citizens were, blatantly, bad. Likewise, Nietzsche specifies Latin, mentioning particularly malus which means bad and melas which means black (Leiter 2002, 41). Nietzsche later mentions the structure of the upper and lower classes of Rome. In Roman traditions, he emphasizes, those with black hair were customarily recognize as lower class, whereas the upper class are those with light and blonde hair. He draws the same idea s in Greek and Celtic traditions, generally making the argument that the terms for good and bad varied basically from classiest concepts in which the privileged few had such power they could even exploit the language to function in their own interest and motive (Leiter 2002).However, there is dissimilarity in the words, certainly the thoughts, being made use of now and those that were presented initially. Good and bad are not synonymous as

Color and Congenital Blindness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Color and Congenital Blindness - Essay ExampleIt is a very shoddy false belief to suggest that one who is blind is unable to limit anything at all as blindness has dissimilar segregated levels, each of which is measurable and each of which highlight the fact that there are various discrepancies in blindness itself. The group of people who are totally blind and piece of tailnot visualize and state such as those of darkness and light are called NLPS. Then there are people who can partially draw illuminations of black and white (dark or bright) and finally there are people who not only chance on but can also point knocked out(p) toward the direction of the lighting source. This except advocates the fact discussed higher up that blind people too accommodate a partial sense of visualization.Color blindness is another(prenominal) abnormal condition which is misunderstood. It is characterized by the incapability to evidently differentiate dissimilar excuses of the band. The diffi culties can locate from mild to severe and generally color blind people do have partial vision. It is an perplexing phrase since people with color sightlessness are not blind, while they generally visualize colors in a restricted variety of shades. Generally color blind people do have partial vision and it is very rare that those who are color blind may not see any colors at all.a) The majority of the visual impairments are caused either by illness or by undernourishment. Both of them either affect the brain or straightforwardly harm the eye. There is a growing threat of congenital blindness in the countries that are facing a food scarceness and have not been able to overcome it.b) The next factor that mostly influences the occurrence of blindness or color blindness is injury to the eye. Even though they are accidental in nature, such injuries can fully take away a human beings sight or the ability to distinguish amid colors. Hence it is very important, that these injuries are t reated as soon as possible to avoid complexities and further harmful implications.c) Genes also have a major role to play in finding out whether a person is blind or not. On a general note, individuals with albinism experience from visual mutilation to the screen background that majority are declared blind legally, despite the fact that only some of them are unable to see.d) A minute bit of all cases of sightlessness is by means of the ingestion of some chemicals. A common example is a chemical known as methanol that is considered a cheaper and regular sky for alcoholic beverages.Now that we have discussed the various types and factors behind blindness it is necessary to observe how an eye whole kit and caboodle and consequently have a glance at the various reasons behind color blindness. The usual retina of a human being has a couple of types of light sensitive cells the rod cells, which are vigorous in low light and the conoid cells, which are lively in normal daylight. Genera lly, there are terzetto kinds of cones, each containing a different pigment and in effect covering the entire gamut of colors. An irregularity in any one of theses comes is the reason for a human being to be color blind.The main types of color blindness are stated as undera) Dichromatic This case takes place when one of the cone pigments is absent and color is condensed to a couple of dimensions. The people affected by this try to use the remain two cones to

Course Project - Annual Training Plan Term Paper

Course Project - Annual cultivation mean - Term Paper ExampleAll of these principles serve the body fitness requirements of the athletes in an appropriate manner. permit us now make use of these principles to fall in a training program based on proper testing of a 22 years old football player. The athlete is 6 feet and 3 inches tall and he weighs 215lbs. we will include off-season, pre-season, and in-season schedules in the program. 12 Months Soccer Training Program I have divided the training program into 3 main sections, which include pre-season training, on-season training, and off-season training. Let us rebel charts for each of these training sessions in order to get a detailed understanding of all exercises include in these sessions. Off-Season Training Schedule The off-season training program is of 10 weeks for my athlete. The program includes four rest long time per week and arc exercises for the remaining three days. Days Activities for Off-season Training After all e xercises Monday Swimming (8am-830am and 5pm-530pm) stretch (15 minutes at 6pm) Tuesday easement day Wednesday Badminton (8am-830am and 5pm-530pm) Squash (10am-1030am) Stretching (15 minutes at 6pm) Thursday Rest day Friday Tennis (10am-1030am and 5pm-530pm) Stretching (15 minutes at 5pm) Saturday Rest day Sunday 15 Pushups 3 times (8am, 4pm, and 8pm) Jogging (25 minutes at 6am) Stretching (15 minutes at 10pm) Two main purposes of these light exercises are minimization of strength loses and tangible recuperation of the athlete. As the off-season phase is the transition phase from in-season to abutting pre-season, the trainers include such exercises in this phase, which are not very heavy or muscle construct exercises. The main purpose of all of these exercises is to keep the physical fitness of the athlete intact. Swimming can develop a swimmers general strength, cardiovascular fitness and endurance (Luebbers, 2011). Badminton helps in increasing the level of good cholesterol ad decreasing the level of bad cholesterol present in the body. Squash helps an athlete growing flexibility, agility, and overall fitness. Squash also provides excellent cardiovascular workout for the athletes. Tennis breaks the stretching abilities and hand-eye coordination of the athletes. Pushups help athletes improve their secondary and stabilizer muscles. Pushups are considered by many people to be the best all-around white meat workout (West, 2006). Jogging, which is the last exercise in off-season phase, helps athletes reduce blood pressure problems and improves cardiovascular fitness of the body. Pre-Season Training Schedule A good and perfectly scheduled pre-season brings a number of benefits for the athletes. The pre-season training program is of 6 weeks for my athlete. The program includes one rest day per week, which is Sunday. There are different muscle building and physical fitness exercises for the workdays. Days Activities for Pre-season Training After all exercises Week-1 Monday to Saturday Week-2 Monday to Saturday Week-3 Monday to Saturday Week-4 Monday to Saturday Week-5 Monday to Saturday Week-6 Monday to Saturday - Warm Up (6am-615am) - Endurance training, such as, go on and interval running (7am-8am and 3pm-4pm) - On spot hitting and passing (9am-11am and 5pm-7pm) --------------------

Mentoring and Assessing Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mentoring and Assessing - Personal line of reasoning ExampleThis reflective exercise will throw light on the intricate complexities of my profession, the demanding ethical implications of my job, and the cockeyed requirement of my fitness for standards (NMC, Standards 02.04). This is a written account of it so it may invoke a unfavourable appraisal of my own actions, and as expected will open vistas for self-analysis and experiential self-learning. This would enrich my accomplishment of mentoring by development of knowledge, its transmission, and its use in practice setting (NMC 2004b).Throughout this account, I shall use Gibbs (1988) orbitual model of reflection. Reflection offers a subjective and contextual view of the world through my views. In the Gibbs oscillation of reflection, every action will invoke a thought or feeling, so I would be able to evaluate those experiences and critically analyze them to make sense of it (Spalding, 1998). A careful analysis would sanction a conclusion by consideration of all the alternatives of a happening scenario, so an action computer programme can be developed for future incidents in the practice. Evidently, this is a cyclical dish up of thoughts affecting our actions on a given situation where I can make sense of it. This would provide me with evidence as to how effective my actions were, thus creating a learning opportunity for me, and at the end of the cycle I would adjudge new knowledge about the changed perspectives through the critical analysis (Fish and Twinn, 1997). RationaleNMC has well-conceived standards to support learning and sagacity in practice. As per these standards, these learning and assessment processes, although designed to train the new entrants, applying the principles of learning theory, have of import outcomes for mentors, practice teachers, and teachers (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2004). This usually assumes the form of a developmental framework, and the development occurs in st ages. The whole process of this developmental and assessment framework is required to be supported and assessed by mentors. The midwifery mentors who have to boot strung-out to be sign-off mentors as part of their mentorship qualification programme would make the final assessment of practice, and later the assessment, if the registrant qualifies the NMC standards, they would be recommended to be registered (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2004). To be able to do this, NMC has further designed the framework in such a way that if the outcomes are met within the rigorous provisions of accountability, the registrant nurses will be qualified to be registered. The domains in this framework are establishing effective working relationship, facilitation of learning, assessment with rigorous accountability, evaluation of learning, more(prenominal) importantly creating an environment of learning, establishing context of practice, promoting evidence-based practice, and inducing leadership. Th is framework will be suited for working in the modern healthcare, and there would be a perspective of inter-professional learning (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006). Furthermore, this has a close correlation coefficient with the career pathways of the nurses due to the fact that NHS has launched KFC scheme as indicators of terms and conditions of service for their

Bribery and Scandals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bribery and S faecesdals - Essay ExampleThis is because when grafting is used as a mean, it gives one part unfair advantage over the another(prenominal) and thence kills the spirit and the very meaning of unfair play.Salt Lake urban center won the shout for hosting Winter majestics 2002 and this meant commercial business worth $2.8 billion. The City had already once lost the bid to Nagano and was simply not involuntary to take no for an answer when bidding began in 1995. The decision had definitely created huge excited and extravagance and every thing looked good till an ugly bribery shit was unearthed in 1998 and 1999. The actions of Salt Lake bid committee members were a reaction to the 1991 loss to Nagano. Salt Lake bid glumicials believed their bid was technically superior to other cities in the competition, but they felt the city lost because Nagano bid officials had done more to appeal to exclusive IOC members. The Japanese bid was believed to have won support among I OC members when, for example, a substantial contribution was made by a Japanese business to the Olympic museum in Switzerland, a pet project of IOC President Samaranch. (Burbank) person this gave the Salt City officials the idea that in order to win the bid, it was best to have personal terminal relationships with members of the International Organizing Committee. And this idea gave birth to a series of bribes made to a number of major officials in the shape of extensive gifts, scholarships and vacations. They were even provided with special favors and comforts during their hotel stay. In January, when the scandal broke, it looked like SLOC had paid off 13 of the 114 IOC members with $393,000, mostly in scholarships and stipends for family members. By the end of the month, the figure had risen to $800,000, with real cash bribes, and U.S. Olympic Committee member Alfredo La Mont had resigned amid allegations he took consulting fees to clue SLOC in on which IOC people were buyable. B y other(a) February, we were at $1.3 million for 24 members-a fifth of the IOC. (Mintz)It was an ugly episode in the history of Salt City and came to light when in November 1998, one television reporter got hold of a letter that was written by SLOC to the daughter of one of the IOC officials stating that her tuition assistance was being cancelled. This opened a Pandora box but ab initio the repercussions were quite muted. It was after the publication of a report by the ethics committee, that two main persons at the center of the scandal resigned and Governor Leavitt commented on the issueIt must be made absolutely clear that the actions of a few do not reflect the values, moral expectations, or standards of behavior of this community and state. We rue it, and revolt at being associated with them . The Olympics have been a shining light, but t present is a disastrous and dark nook of corruption. This culture of corruption has taken root because of a lack of accountability . Thi s corner of Olympic corruption did not begin in Salt Lake City. But let it end here. (Leavitt 1999)The statement issued by the Governor showed that while he resented the actions, he did not blame his people for starting it. He gave the impression that it has been an on going practice. Whether he was right or not requires further investigation. We can only say that all in all, Salt Lake City scandal was indeed a scandal of bribery. The expensive gifts given to

The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Victorias cloak-and-dagger Fashion base - Essay ExampleThe paper The Victorias underground Fashion Show explores the Fashion Show of Victoria Secret. People who are everlastingly attracted to Victorias Secret Fashion Show are the middle class. star of the reasons as to why it is believed that Victorias Secret Fashion Show can target both is that they are always entertaining. Victorias Secret knows exactly how they can be equal to attract both men and women to their fashion shows. Aspects such as sparkling runway, unique fashion creations, and performances by artists are ways by dint of which these fashion shows have been able to become irresistible to men. While men go to the show to note the gorgeous models, women would go with the aim of catching up with some of the trends in fashion. The main objective of Victorias Secret Fashion Show is to market products that are produced by Victorias Secrets. The company is well aware of the fact that the targeted market is always keen on fashion, fashion show is a way by means of which they can be able to showcase women of their new products so that they can enhance awareness or individual products and the brand at large. Through the use of some of the popular fashion models, the company is able to enhance the demand or their products. This is a more interactive way of advertising products as it has been observed to enhance brand loyalty. Even the men who are not always keen on fashion, particularly women fashion can be introduced to the world of lingerie and nightwear because they will definitely be assailable some products.

Evidence Base Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

evince Base Nursing - Essay ExampleFrom this study it is clear thatMs Ward has the respectable business of making sure that the subjects or participants are not exposed to any kind of harm, direct or indirect when the look for is being conducted. She bears the tariff of safe guarding the subjects and patients from any kind of harm including physical, social, mental, spiritual and financial.This story outlines that in the given scenario above, it seems logical to increase the costs of the study than agree the quality of the data. In end Ms. Ward does have and can use some funds allocated to the study and question, by having breastfeed to go to the homes of these men for the collection of data and samples. Burdens and benefits should be distributed fairly and looking at the plight of these old and degraded men, it seems only fair that their burdens are reduced. Since all these patients do not appear to be well off, Ms Ward should ask for a change in protocol and get permissi on for a nurse to visit these men for the collection of samples and data.From the case study above, it is apparent that the group of male subjects belongs to vulnerable population, those unable or incapable of giving informed consent or those who may be at high risk for unintended consequences.The men are undergoing chemotherapy and their disease has progressed and can be categorized as terminally ill persons.It is Ms Wards ethical duty to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of the research with this vulnerable group.... Nurses may play distinct roles including those of researchers, data collectors, managers, practitioners or any third party witnessing research activity (The Royal College of Nursing Research hunting lodge nurses and research ethics, 2003). Regardless of the role played by nurses, it is essential for them to review their actions and their impact on vulnerable subjects or participants (The Royal College of Nursing Research Society nurses and research ethics, 2003 ). This paper aims to analyze a specific ethical concern faced by a nurse responsible for collecting data from a subject of senior(a) males undergoing chemotherapy. Would it be ethical to compromise the quality of the data or to increase the costs of the study Please explain clearly whyAs the principle investigator, Ms Ward is familiar with the ethical principles and the human rights of the subject. It is also Ms Wards responsibility to ensure that appropriate decisions as and when changes are noticed in the condition of the patients while the study is conducted. Ms Ward also bears the responsibility of sharing any important patient related health schooling with the review board and the protocol committee so that accurate decisions may be taken (American tie-up of Critical-Care Nurses, Web). Before coming to any strong conclusion, it is important to judge the scenario presented in the case above. The trial is funded by millions of dollars every yearPatients are severely ill and a re receiving chemotherapyThe disease has progressedThe men are elderly and have difficulty in moving aroundBefore all else, Ms Ward has the ethical responsibility of making sure that the subjects

What is the future of the modern state What are the challenges to the Essay

What is the future of the youthful state What are the challenges to the modern state - Essay Examplenomenon of multi-level plaque like umbrella governance bodies similar to European Union, is some separate aspect of change that is happening to the modern nation state (Pierson, 160). A major challenge associated with these changes is the tone ending of control for individual national governments (Pierson, 161). Yet another challenge is the need of doing negotiations and building consensus to act (Pierson, 155-156). apiece modern nation state is presently transforming into homes to many ethnicities and races and hence global migration and the related social issues are emerging as new matter to attend to (Pierson, 163). This is also a potential area where the acquirement of the state for negotiations, and for interactions with multi-level governance systems, is tested (Pierson, 165). As the political autonomy of the states get merged into economic and other realms that have grow n in weight, it is expected that a new form of state is emerging, namely, the empire (qtd. in Pierson, 170). The empire is defined in this context as a new economic-industrial- communicative machine that incorporates into itself, the make up of nation state authority, the ubiquity of global capitalism, the importance of networks, new information technologies, and the extension of new forms of governance (Pierson, 171). Hence, a new future and unforeseen challenges for modern state is emerging every day, every moment, in a complex flux that carries within it, the empire and its infinite expressions (Pierson,

Franchise - Culture and Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Franchise - Culture and Structure - Essay ExampleIt goes on to use the McKinsey 7-S model to examine the components of the business. The paper ends with the Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-&-Threat (SWOT) analysis of the confederacy and concludes with a decision on the correctness of buying a Ferrari claim. Organizational Design Marranello, a town near Bologna in Yankee Italy has been the home of Ferrari since the 1940s (Ferrari Factory Website, 2011). The central location at Marranello is made up of 45 buildings which houses the 3,000 employees of Ferrari who cheat on from factory workers through to the top level management of Ferrari. Components relevant for the manufacture of Ferrari cars are imported from tout ensemble over the dobriny and assembled at the Northern Italian plant. From thither, the various cars are shipped to different part of the world where they are sold through agents and outlets. Ferrari dealers have three different packages that they can sell to custome rs Ferrari Genuine, Ferrari Power & Ferrari Approved. In considering purchasing a franchise, the options available include the reselling of these three Ferrari brands. Ferrari Genuine includes the sale of genuine spare parts for Ferrari cars. Ferrari Power is an insurance package and or so related financial activities that ensure that Ferrari users are protected in cases of losses. Ferrari Approved on the other hand seeks to co-ordinate the interests of various Ferrari owners and link them with the company. Aside these three main brands, Franchise sellers can also provide various racing related serve and sell some other Ferrari owned brands like fuels and racing related brands that have commercial value. The business environment of Ferrari has droll components and systems that work together to make it a leading racing and luxury car manufacturer. Goold & Campbell (2002) stated that there are nine components of organizations that define each and every business. They argue that a business is made up of structured systems and components that are defined and laid out by the owners of the company. Aside these defined systems, there are emergent issues that affect the design of the organization. The nine components eventually lay down the definitive structure for a business. 1. Strategy A business needs to operate in a given market in order to reach a given pool of consumers. In this quest, there are some competitors that cleverness also target the same markets. In the case of Ferrari, it has evolved over the years to become a company that desires to stay at the forefront of research through maintaining a strong position in the motor-sport manufacturing (Davenport & Beck, 2008). In other words, Ferrari desires to target upmarket clients around the globe to produce cars that have the best and most modern inputs and systems at premium prices. The emergent of new ideas in the industry helps them to change their ways of delivering their services at different point in time. The strength of the Ferrari strategy lies in the price of their cars, which are in the millions of dollars and are valuable even years after purchased because they easily become antiques. As a franchise owner, one will expect to sell these expensive cars to customers around the world that comes with high profit margins. In other words, a single sale that a franchise owner makes will bring in profits that hundreds or thousands of ordinary cars that a normal car dealer will make. These end users frequently use the cars for races which earn a lot of revenue since it comes with the sale of television rights and the

Write a research paper on Amazon.com INC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write a on Amazon.com INC - Research Paper usageJeff Bezos was not a born entrepreneur, he graduated from Princeton University and began to work in the field of computer information on Wall Street moving on to become the vice president at Bankers verify (Byers).Due to his interest in the rapid use and growth of Internet technology, he devised the caprice of Amazon.com. give thanks to the idea generated by Jeff Bezos, he quickly gained the identity of being the prominent entrepreneur who devised the dot-com idea and made him a billionaire soon. It started off as the bookstore initially and has now transformed in to the largest online retail merchant of the world as well. It has expanded its operations in a variety of ways and offers millions of online books, movies, songs, merchandise and ripe about anything. It preempt be safely concluded that Amazon has converted into an allthing store where merchandise of every kind is traded online. Shoppers are offered convenience that h ave the facility of shopping for almost anything online and can easily transfer books, games and films to even their portable devices such as tablets or smart phones. Other products such as the self publishing and online advertising are also offered on Amazon.com.Therefore, the customers Amazon Inc serves have been stated in the explosive charge statement itself, which are consumer customers, seller customers and the developer customers. Therefore, Amazon Inc is a platform which does not exclusively let the customers to download and buy the merchandise, but at the same time gives them a platform to sell their merchandise online as well to the interested customers.The marketing strategy that has been introduced by Amazon rests on six facets it not only offers products and services to be purchased by the customers but at the same time, interface is user friendly which can be easily and conveniently used by the customers. The services and products offered at Amazon vary from itsy- bitsy scale to the

The American Revolution as a European Movement Essay Example for Free

The the Statesn diversity as a European Movement EssayThe American Revolution was and always will be the most beta piece of history for the United States of America. It was definitely revolutionary. The erudition of the eighteenth century was one of these paradigm historical shifts, challenging the traditional notions of authority by investing reason with the power to change the human condition for the better. The information also shows that the Americans colonies were influenced by European ideals and political developments, and in turn the Americans colonies also influence Europe. Across the Atlantic, the Enlightenment had a profound impact on the English colonies in America and ultimately on the sister nation of the United States. The Enlightenment challenged the role of religion and divine discipline and this helped Colonial America to chaffer that it was possible to challenge the King and divine right. The movement challenged the role of God and allowed people to ta ke to that they were important and had the ability to shape their experience lives. (The Great Awakening, Journal)In many ways, the new United States was the Enlightenment, for its leadership could actually implement many of the ideas that European philosophers could only talk idly about. First, the Enlightenment helped to shape the colonies was in terms of religion. With the Great Awakening came a new understanding of Americas early alliance to God and the Church. Instead of one all-powerful church that almost required membership, Protestant ideals based on Enlightenment principles of free will and freedom from institutions allowed people to choose membership in a church rather than be forced into one.Although during the Enlightenment there was a very secular focus, in America this was not the case. The colonies were still very religious but they used the ideas of their freedom to choose that were based on the Enlightenment. Instead of being tied to one religious authority, the re were many choices in the colonies and people had a right to choose how to establish and maintain their connection to God. Much of what colonists wanted to do with politics had a greater influence coming from Britain.Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both had great influence on American thinkers, with Locke being the more influential as Hobbes solution was not the thing the American founders wanted. Locke was uttermost more optimistic, stating that all humans were capable and that they strove for the betterment of the world. John Locke believed that natural laws say that every person has certain basic rights, and he argued passionately for freedom of religion.He wrote that every person has the natural right to defend his life, health, liberty or possessions. John Locke argued that because we have so much doubt about so many things, each person should have as much freedom as possible. Because we really hold outt know the best way to organize and improve our society, all people should make their own decisions about what they want to do with their own lives. When Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, he echoed Locke, writing about life, liberty, and the pursuit of contentment have become the central themes of American Revolutionary philosophy. (Morton, Joseph C, 143) The American Revolution had much influence beyond the political boundary of the new nation.Many liberal movements in Europe took heart from the accomplishment of the American Declaration of Independence, the war itself, and the creation of a new g overnment to replace the British rule over the old colonies. Many peoples wished to either overthrow the idea of monarchy or, at least, establish a constitutional monarchy. The french Revolution was inspired by many of the ideals of the American Revolution When the French people heard of the riot in America they realized they didnt have to live under tyranny.They started the revolution in hopes of becoming an breakaway coun try. The French fought alongside the Americans against the English to accomplish a democratic, independent nation and the declaration of independence France was sever at the time, so the people were very poor. Meanwhile they saw their monarchs in all their wealth and began to see them as tyrants. The stories of the French soldiers that had fought in America, like the Marquis de Lafayette, loved the American notion of liberty and began to financial support similar reforms in France.As James mentioned Lafayette was one of the first people to advocate a internal Assembly, and he worked to make France a constitutional monarchy. (James) Revolutionary ideas turned into real plans of attack. They wanted to rid themselves of a monarchy ruled by the royals, clergy and aristocrats. In conclusion, Enlightenment thinking, economics, and geography all helped in some way toward an American revolution. Also, Enlightenment thinking helps the American colonists to know what they want in a governm ent.

Chester Company Essay Example for Free

Chester Company EssayA unique and interesting problem arose when wiz company, a monopoly within the business-to-business (B2B) sensor grocery, split into six companies with identical merchandises and equal footing within the grocery store. As Director of Finance for Chester Company, one of the newly formed entities, it is important for me to identify a strategy that ordain enable the company to remain viable and be successful in the future. An in-depth analysis of the industry note report provided good metrics to project future customer desires and total market potential. In align to be successful, the strategy that the management team develops must work within the identified parameters while attempting to prefigure how the other quint companies in the B2B sensor market go away proceed. There are only deuce segments of the B2B sensor market clinical depression technology and high technology.The only harvest-home Chester Company offers currently fulfills the convey o f both markets but this give change as the newly formed entities revise and develop products to admit customer needs. The high tech segment is appealing but testament require continual investment funds in research and development to maintain the standards that customers expect. It leave alone be easier to meet the needs of the customers within the low tech segment but there will likely be more competition for market share.1. The strategy that I would like to see the management of Chester Company adopt all over the next five familys is that of niche cost leader (Capsim Management Simulations, 2012) for the low technology segment of the B2B sensor market and to obtain thirty-five parcel out of that market. This will be achieved by appealing to customers sense of thrift. To cut prices down the stairs the competition, management should retain the current product and not invest much in research and development. action costs must also be widely reduced.To do this, an early inve stment in mechanization is necessary as it will reduce labor expenses in future years which will enlarge the margin and profitability of the company. This investment will be financed through the issuance of stock and long consideration bonds. I also plan to provide the marketing department with a very generous cipher in the first couple of years to aggressively target the market and subjoin the awareness and accessibility of the product early on. Short term borrowing will be necessary to finance trading operations and provide a cash cushion to prevent the need for an emergency loan.2. There is a great chance for Chester Company to earn good profits within the low tech segment over the next five years. Although the price of the product must be kept to a minimum this will be offset by decreasing costs which increases the contribution margin. Also, there is greater demand for products in the low technology segment of the B2B sensor market which is expected to increase approxima tely ten percent each year. However, Chester Company shareholders may realize a loss in the first year receivable to the high marketing budget and cost of labor because the automation rating is low. Unfortunately, some sacrifices will need to be made early on to realize greater profits in the long term.3. The product that is most important to the success of Chester Company is Cake the product currently being produced. During the first year of business, this product will have the ability to appeal to customers across both segments of the B2B sensor market and will ultimately become the favored product of the low tech segment. Management will take vantage of the dual appeal of Cake in the first year by taking a portion of both the low tech and high tech markets in an attempt to retain some profitability. Ultimately, the product will be positioned so that it takes a large portion of the low tech market and will likely not take any portion of the high tech market by the one-fifth year . The plan that I developed focuses primarily on the success of the company for the next five years as there will be a lot of volatility in the market and moreover projections are impossible to make at this time.It is difficult to predict how the competitors within the B2B sensor market will be positioned which makes it essential for management to decrease costs as much as possible and increase market share within the low technology segment of the market. My advice to the rest of the management team is to keep down the appeal of developing a new product for either market early on and to reduce the high tech market altogether within the first five years because it will be difficult enough to remain profitable and succeed without squandering business assets on developing a product which will have little chance of being profitable within that timeframe.

Haitian and American Revolutions Essay Example for Free

Haitian and American Revolutions EssayWhile the revolutions in colonial America and Haiti had many parallels, they were overly unique in their own ways. In both revolutions, the rebels revolted against a foreign superpower that was in a weakened economic reconcile in order to gain economic and well-disposed freedom. However, the Haiti revolution disturbed freedom for everybody (including slaves), whereas the American Revolution focused more on the needs of the Bourgeois, or middle track.The revolutions in both of these countries would have been un successful were it not for the crippling problems faced by both opposing superpowers. The success of the Haitian revolution was due in no small part to the political turmoil brought astir(predicate) by the French revolution. This weakened the ability of the colonial administrators in Haiti to maintain order and caused the authority of colonial officials to no longer be clear even the very legitimacy of slavery was even being ch allenged in France. The turmoil in France and Haiti paved the way for a struggle between the elite plantation owners and the free black slave owners. This fighting in turn gave the slaves, under the leadership of Toussaint LOuverture, the unheard of fortune to revolt against their owners and emancipate themselves from a brutal system of bondage (Corbet).The revolution in the Americans was against its mother country, owing(p) Britain, and unlike Haiti, the British army was in full force when war broke. There were, however, economic weaknesses that light-emitting diode to the inevitable revolution against Britain. Britain was burdened by debts from the French and Indian War, and therefore taxed the colonies substantially to make up for this.The ideologies of the revolutions in both Haiti and America were very similar. In America, philosophers such as Thomas Paine and John Locke preached social and economic freedom. Thomas Paine writes, And he hath shown himself such an inveterate e nemy to liberty, and discovered such a thirstiness for arbitrary power, is he, or is he not, a proper person to say to these colonies, you shall make no laws except what I please (Overfield, 198). This repre moves the opinion of many revolutionaries that they should be allowed to rule on their own and not be taxed and forced into things by aruler thousands of miles away. Also, these philosophers believed in the idea of unalienable rights for men.The Declaration states, We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable self evident, that all men are created equal and independent that from that equal creation they derive in rights inherent and inalienables, among which are the preservation of manners, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness (Maier). The colonists believed that everyone with land should have a determine to pursue happiness, and that the British monarchy wasnt allowing them this freedom. They also proclaimed that taxation without represendation was a denial of the r ights they deserved.The bourgeois class brought up this claim to get more economical freedom and rights. Acts passed by the Parliament such as the Stamp Act limited the economic potential of this middle class. Thomas Paine talked of how no immigrants would move to the colonies of the presidency was not allowed to be independent and thrive (Overfield, 198). Although this would help the middle class gain more bullion and thrive, the lower class including the slaves would be unaffected. These slaves were not to be given any rights or improvements from their previous lifestyle.In Haiti before the revolution, slaves also had no rights or say in their lives. With Frances being in a state of turmoil, a window opened for a chance to rid of their masters and grasp a life unheard of to slaves of this era. All they needed was a leader someone to bring them together and unite them in this noble cause, and for them, this man was Toussaint LOuverture. With the slave owners fighting and in disar ray, the slaves rose up and fought hard for a part life. LOuverture might have grasped the idea of economic independence, but the slaves only goal was social freedom. Many fought to the goal because they welcomed death as a change from the sinful lives they had been living. This revolution was to give inalienable rights to all, including slaves, instead of practiced to the bourgeois class as had been done in America.In the Haitian revolution, the slaves revolted against the wealthy plantation owners. dilate of these events are shown with illustrations that werecreated from British admirer Marcus Rainsfords own sketches. Rainsford depicted him through his portraits almost as if he were a deity a countenance bold and striking, yet full of the most prepossessing suavity terrible to an enemy, but inviting to the objects of his friendship or his love. The rebellious slaves eventually gained the upper hand under the leadership of LOuverture (Rainsford).LOuverture thusly led an inv asion of neighboring Saint Domingo where he continued to liberate slaves. In 1802, Napoleon, the leader of France, sent a large military force and fought the rebel forces. The resistance persisted, and the slaves eventually gained independence by defeating Napoleon. LOuverture was captured and sent to France, where he died in prison. One might wonder what he was thinking as when he was there. A letter, or a journal written by him might provide insight into the mind of this authoritative revolutionary.The American Revolution started with boycotts to repeal unjust measures such as the Stamp Act. These passions intensified into riots, which were portrayed in the Boston Tea Party, where rebels dumped 10,000 pounds of tea into the river to protest high tea taxes. The Boston Massacre also incited detestation towards the King of Britain, King George III (Middlekauff 712). All these factors escalated and came to a climax when war was declared against the British. In the untimely stages o f the revolution, minutemen, ordinary colonists, were used in the battles. Eventually, strong military leaders organized the colonists into a fighting utensil and the colonists were able to surround the British at Yorktown, thus gaining their independenceBibliographyCorbett, Bob. The Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803. 21 Mar. 2001. Webster University. http//www.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/ tale/revolution/revolution1.htm.Maier, Pauline. American Scripture Making the Declaration of Independence.New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence. Maier 235-241.Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause The American Revolution, 1763-1789. Vol. IIof the Oxford History of the United States. New York Oxford Univ. Press, 1982.Overfield, Andrea. The Human Record Sources of Global History. Vol. 2.Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.Paine, Thomas. Common Sense. Overfield 194-198.Rainsford, Marcus. An diachronic Account of the Black Empire of Hayti Comprehendinga View of the Pricipal Transactions in the Revolution of Saint Domingo With its ancient and Modern State. London James Cundee, 1803.

Developmental Analysis Essay Example for Free

Developmental Analysis EssayAbstractThe field of canvass that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan is c every last(predicate)ed lifespan teaching. Lifespan maturement gets a scientific approach in its study of growth, change, and stability. This development emphases on benignant development. Developmentalists study the configuration of development in nonhuman species, the most popular examine growth and change in people. In contrast I will focus on the government agencys people and myself change and grow during our lives, with the good will of stability in our live span. Together, these findings suggest that we will go through different developments and stages from Infancy, through puerility and adolescence, and to marriage and p arnthood.11% of infants be innate(p) earlier than normal. Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks aft(prenominal) c at onception is called preterm infants. When coming into t his world I was born as a untimely infant, I was born at 6 months due to my m diametrical suffering from an illness called pneumonia. I was hospitalized for 4 months with tubes and monitors hooked up to me to help me eat, breathe and regain enough strength to go home to be with my family. Rupert (2006) discusses the resistion of premature birth, what you can do to prevent from having a premature baby. It is said that tension and tautness can mold a part and having a premature baby the less stress and tension on the personate will prevent having a premature baby. Seeing a doctor regularly, taking prenatal pills, vitamins, take healthy and fashioning sure you study a good amount of rest can prevent premature birth as well. Being pregnant is a wonderful time for any women just now it also require for you to be healthy as possible macrocosm pregnant can hit for you to go through a lot changing carrying a baby for nine months.Also, depending on your system you can go through more than oppositewomen when becoming pregnant, if you didnt go through anything with your archetypical child sometimes you can have some minor problems with your second child thats why it is important for you to take care of yourself when being pregnant. In my case I was my mothers ternary child and coming down with an illness serious enough as pneumonia can be caused by stress and or from not taking care of yourself enough to remain healthy when pregnant. There are legion(predicate) factors on why prematurity will occur in women, rates of preterm births differ amidst racial groups, not because of race per se, entirely because members of racial minorities have disproportionately lower incomes and higher stress as a result Feldman (2014, p.95). Growing into the life cycles of infancy I stayed with my grandmother something I didnt not find out until I was an adult. My mother expressed to me that she wasnt subject to care for me at the time because I was too small for her to f eel comfortable caring for me at the time.When hearing this it did take me by surprise and hurt me a little only because I felt like she could have said something sooner than when it came out to me. I felt like there was a little withdrawal method there because my mother wasnt caring for me the first couple months I was born and/or when I was released from the hospital. Hotelling (2004) states not all parenting styles are alike. What individuals do as parents depends somewhat on how they were raised as a child, what they observed in other families, and what they have been taught. Two very different styles have emerged Attachment Parenting and mess up wise. Parenting Ones own developed style of parenting will probably fall somewhere between the two. Attachment Parenting is a highly respected approach that promotes securely attached children. The problems with Baby wise Parenting, however, have been known to allow detachment, behavioral disorders, dehydration, failure to thrive, i rritability, infant anorexia, and even infant death (Hotelling, 2004).Parenting is never easy.Perspective parents are boost to seek out resources for support and information, starting now, to help ease the way. One thing is for sure No recipe for parenting will guarantee a good nights sleep every night or perfect(a) children (Hotelling, 2004). As stated in the article Bowlby (1982) defined holdfast as a child being strongly disposed to seek proximity to and contact with a specific figure and to do so in certain situation, notably when he is frightened, tired or ill. Typically, preferred attachment emerges all the way in the latterpart of the 1st yr of life, as evidenced by the appearance of interval protest and stranger wariness. Under usual conditions, preferred attachment unfolds gradually over the 1st year of life (Zeanah and Fox, 2004). Preferred attachments to caregivers may develop at any time aft(prenominal) infants reach a cognitive age of 7 to 9 months, provided that the new caregivers have sufficient affair with the child. Thus, three-year-old children follow out of foster care or institutions readily form attachments to their new caregivers (Zeanah and Fox, 2004).Zeanah and Fox (2004) states there are four patterns of attachment, secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized have described individual differences in the organization of an infants attachment behaviors with respect to an attachment figure in this procedure. RAD was first introduced into the diagnostic nosologies just over 20 years ago, with the humansation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. DSM-III, American Psychiatric Association, 1980).The criteria were substantially revise in DSM-I. The disorder is defined by aberrant social behavior that appears in early childhood and is evident cross-contextually. Two patterns have been described, an hornyly withdrawn inhibited pattern and an indiscriminately social disinhibited pattern, each of whic h have been observed in children raised in institutions and in maltreated children (Zeanah and Fox, 2004).Growing into an adult after finding out that I wasnt raised by my mother the first few months I felt some emotional distress, I felt from looking back on my childhood that there were some favoritism between me and my other brother and sisters. Feldman (2014) states developmentalists believe a true emotion has triad components a biological arousal component (such as increased breathing rate or heartbroken), a cognitive component (awareness of feeling anger or fear), and a behavioral component (displaying that one feels distressed by crying, for example). Growing up my paternity was in my life after I came home from my grandmothers, nevertheless only for short amount of time. My sky pilot was ignominious to my mother which caused for him to break up and get a divorce. After the divorce we didnt true(a)ly see our father that because of how abusive he could be and once he move d out he moved back to his hometown of New York, NY. We spoke occasionally on the phone and he even visited from time to time but as time went on the craft and the visiting stopped.It was very difficult to adjust to him not being there and not hearing from him the fourth-year me and mybrother and sisters got. Meyer (2010) discuss the influence of children on womens decisions to seek help when experiencing intimate partner violence. paint a picture partner violence (IPV) has a detrimental effect on the wellbeing of victims and their children. Meyer (2010) states the role (unborn) children has been examined together with other demographic and situational factors to reveal their influence on victims help-seeking decision. The two items were used to measure the role of children, including victims pregnancy at the time of the laugh at and children residing with the victim and witnessing the aversion. While the presence of unborn children (i.e., pregnancy) had no effect on victims h elp-seeking decisions, children witnessing the abuse emerged as the strongest predictor of general and more formalized help seeking decisions. In expiration, while the involvement of unborn children had no effect on victims help-seeking decisions, children who resided with the victim and directly witnessed the abuse had the largest effect on all examined help-seeking decisions.Seeing my mother abused at a child does take a piece of you and the worldly concern if you will be yourself in the same situation when you get older to experience being an affinity yourself, also the fact of dealing with the fact that your father has been in and out of your life does cause emotional and physical damage. You can grow up with bitterness in your heart not willing to adore or open yourself to feelings and emotions that will help you bond with others or make it hard for you to fall in love. As a child you learn how too really love from your parents but how to love some other of the opposite s ex you feel that emotion from your father as far relationships with other men. Wilcox (2012) argues is parent abuse a form of domestic violence, in this situation I would say there are legion(predicate) similarities between domestic violence and parent abuse since both entail a constellation of abusive behaviors embedded in the family relationship. In both cases, the majority of victims/survivors are females /mothers. Both involve a keep process of social harm requiring day to day management. As with domestic violence, parent abuse involves free-and-easy stresses which shape a parents ability to parent effectively .There are similarities but I would go as far to say same its a form of domestic violence because on the other hand had stated in the article, the parent has an ongoing responsibility to parent, versus making the option of ending or leaving the relationship inappropriate. If you have ever experienced lovefrom your father how do you know how to love another man if your own father didnt show you how a man is to love you? The role of the father in child development parents dont call in having the father around while pregnant can affect the unborn child. As stated in this article studies investigating the role of the father in child development have focused on a range of different aspects of fathers and the father child relationship, such as paternal emotional well- being, father child attachment, and the quality of father child interactive. The study have shown that fathers active and regular engagement with their children has a positive effect on childrens social, behavioral, psychological, and cognitive development later in life. In conclusion this study was meant as an exploratory and preliminary investigation of fathers experience during pregnancy Vreeswijk,M.J.M.,C., Maas,B.M.A.,J., Rijk,H.A.M.,C., Bakel ,V.J.A. H., (2013).Over the years as growing into an adult it has really been a struggle for me to maintain a healthy relationship with th e opposite sex, because I am always questioning is this person who they say they are? Will they give up and leave and be abusive as my father was? Will I ever feel real love that I am wanting so badly to experience? As a young adult it was difficult to maintain a healthy hugeevity relationship or friendship, I would entrust more into the relationships and friendships and they would still end with my feeling being hurt because I was being so skillful to gain and keep friends not knowing that it goes both ways it cannot be no one way street, when being in a relationship or friendship. I think this took me until I was almost 30 years of age to know that not everyone will treat you how you treat them. I was so nave to think that everyone will treat you the way you treat them but a lot of people didnt grow up that way. Every house hold is different and everyone is born into different lifestyles and parenting styles which causes them to react or act on what they seen as children growin g up.Being an adult it is very challenging you see how your parents held the family together and what surfaces one has to take in order to take care of an family there are so many ups and downs you will go through when coming into adult hood. For me I was so excited being able to do things on my own without my parents but then reality really hit when I couldnt lean on my parents anymore for things because they too was adjusting to being on their own again without caring for their children anymore. Today, at 32 it isstill a struggle as I am still growing into the women I was set out to be no one is perfect and it takes years for one to become to the full mature and I know I will reach my potential success with growth, time, patience and having a healthy relationship with God. Some of the beliefs and I developed while growing up were in the Catholic church service. The Catholic Church is the Church that Jesus Christ established. Thus the Church subsists in the Catholic Church. Howev er, members of other Christian churches and denominations are also in communion with the Catholic Church by virtue of their sacraments.The genuine Churches possess fully valid sacraments, and are true particular Churches, whereas Christians are in communion with the Catholic Church on account of their baptism still, this communion is impaired. The Church in one, because it is unified in Christ crosswise regions. The Church is Holy on account of the grace of Christ given to it and the holy sacraments it provides. The Catholic Church contains the fullness of the Deposit of Faith, thus is it truly according to the whole and universal? Finally, the Church is Apostolic because its Teachings and office come from the Apostles themselves. Some of the beliefs I developed in the terms of right and wrong behavior were divorce, pre-marital sex, and same-sex relationships having a relationship with Christ always putting Christ and family first. The new Christian is capable of being a doer of t he Word, enabled by the Spirit then change in the problem areas can occur.I encounter information to understand the problem and the underlying issues. We build a Christ-centered relationship of care and trust. 2 timothy 316-17 (NIV) states encouragement from Gods Word, outlining the certainty of being able to be equipped and change to change with Gods help. Spiritual development is likely a wellspring for the best of human life (e.g., generosity, unit, sacrifice, altruism, social justice) as well as for our darkest side (e.g., genocide, terrorism, slavery).Using social science to examine this potent force in society and individual lives of young people has been neglected for too long (p. 210). The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence seeks to ensure that this oversight does not persist. Spiritual development may be at a tipping point for becoming a major theme in child and adolescent development. A growing number of scholars in various disciplines have in vested themselves in this field. The public imagination appears to be ready in numerous cultures, traditions,and contexts, all of which are struggling with social changes that menace to undermine the spiritual lives of young people. Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., King, P.E., Wagener, L.M (2005).ReferencesMeyer, S., (2010) anticipateing Help to protect the Children? The Influence of Children on Womens Decisions to Seek Help When Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. J Fam Viol 25713-725, Springer Science +Business Media, LLC.Michelle, R.A., (2013) The effects of matriarchal nutrition on fetal psychological development. International Journal of Childbirth Education.28.3p90.Effects on Childrens Health and Development. Psychological Medicine, Cambridge University, 40,335-334.Rupert, L. (2006) How women can carry their unborn babies to term The Prevention of Premature Birth by Psychosomatic Methods. Journal of Prenatal Psychology Health 20, 4 ProQuest Central pg.293.Hote lling, A. B. (2004). Styles of Parenting, J Perinat Educ. 2004 Winter 13(1) 4244. Feldman, R. (2011). Development across the life span (6th ed.) Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall.Zeanah, H., C, Fox, A., N (2004). Temperament and Attachment Disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Vol.33, No.1, 32-41. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss Vol. Attachment. New York basal Book.Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., King, P.E., Wagener, L.M (2005). Spiritual development in childhood and adolescence Moving the Scientific Mainstream.Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., King, P.E., Wagener, L.M (2005). The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescences.Vreeswijk,M.J.M.,C., Maas,B.M.A.,J., Rijk,H.A.M.,C., Bakel ,V.J.A. H., (2013) Fathers Experiences During Pregnancy Paternal Prenatal Attachment and Representations of the Fetus. Psychology of Men Masculinity.

Cultural Diversity Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion Essay Example for Free

Cultural form Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion endeavorWhat ar the places of cultural motley? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. In discipline both textbooks and doing further research on the Internet I, believe La Trobe University best summed up the dimensions of cultural diversity. The dimensions of diversity can be divided into two groups, primary dimensions, and secondary dimensions.While each dimension adds a layer of complexity to individual identity, it is the dynamic inter answerion among all the dimensions that in? ences self-image, set, opportunities and expectations (La Trobe University). Primary dimensions are characteristics unique to an individual. Examples would include age, gender, mental and physical abilities, race, ethnic heritage, and sexual orientation. These six differences are termed core dimensions of diversity because they exert an important impact on our early socialization and a powerful, sustained impact on our insures, values, assumptions and expectations throughout every stage of life.Secondary dimensions are less visible, and many contain a great element of choice (La Trobe University). Examples would include geographical location, military and work experience, income, religion, branch language, family status, and education. With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? Describe what members of your social circle hold up in common. I am a ashen female who grew up in a middle-class environment. I have no specific ethnic or cultural group that I identify with because I am of mixed race. As state in one our readings there are no longer any pure races.My father is Lithuanian, dapple on my bewilders side there is Bohemian, Italian, and German. I consider myself to be American. While growth up I was exposed to many cultures. I had Whites, African Americans, and Asians in my neighborhood as rise up as in school. My mother taught me to be open to everyon e, no matter his or her skin color, flush though she contradicted herself when it came to dating someone from a nonher race. On the other hand, my mothers family was very prejudice. My first husband was Jamaican and my mother did come to terms with her contradictions in her beliefs.Not one family member from my mothers side of the family attended my wedding but all family members from my husbands family attended. I am thankful for the values my mother in stilled in me. What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? According to The University of Tennessee Libraries Diversity Committee (2003), Diversity can be defined in many different ways. Diversity is a commitment to recognizing and appreciating the miscellanea of characteristics that make individuals unique in an atmosphere that promotes and celebrates individual and collective achievement.Examples of these characteristics are age cognitive name culture disability (mental, learning, physical) economic background educa tion ethnicity gender identity geographic background language(s) talk marital/partnered status physical appearance political affiliation race religious beliefs sexual orientation. homogeneous diversity, inclusion can be defined in many different ways. Oxford Dictionaries defines inclusion, as the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure. Inclusion is to have the same choices and opportunities that other masses have.Being appreciated and accepted for whom you are. An inclusive environment is one in which every individuals unique perspective contributes to the overall success of the organization (Kottak Kozaitis, 2003). What is the importance of employment diversity culture? If we are to register the importance of diversity training, we first must define workplace diversity. According to Schaefer (2011), workplace diversity is defined as the ways in which people differ that whitethorn affect their organisational experience in terms of perfor mance, motivation, communication, and inclusion.Being inclusive means that diverse employees believe that they are live contributors to the organizational mission, not marginalized, or tolerated. The importance or advantages of workplace diversity training, affects all areas of business as stated in the following areas. Creativity is increased because different cultures can offer insightful alternatives others may not have considered. Productivity is increased when people of all cultures pull in concert toward a shake goal. New language skills are developed enabling people from other cultures help us chthonianstand not just their words but also the meaning behind what they are saying.By connecting to people with different backgrounds, others will gain a greater perspective on how different cultures operate and experience greater success in areas of global business. New processes are created when people with different ideas come together and collaborate. What is your experience w ith workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusive? I did experience workplace culture while enlisted in the United States Air Force for 10 years. The military employs many people from diverse backgrounds. More than 60 years ago in 1948, Harry S.Truman gestural Executive Order 9981 abolishing segregation in the military and ordering full integration of all the function without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin. This order was more symbolic than effective so to level the playing field Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were enacted. Still, these acts did not meet the needs of women in the workforce and the Equal Employment Act of 1972 was signed. The percentage of women enlisting in the Air Force has tripled because this act was signed.Even though I never personally experienced discrimination, being a female in the military, sexual harassment is still a very big issue. The military has tried to take the move neces sary to lessen these issues by having mandatory sexual harassment, sensitivity, and cultural diversity training but these problems still exist. All the training in the world will be of no benefit if military does not take a stand and punish those who do not follow the rules instead of brushing it under the table. Please note that, this is my opinion and does not reflect the opinions of other women in the military.

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Example for Free

Minority Group and multi ethnicism EssayThis research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its seventh plenary meeting, held nary(prenominal)ember 2011 in Berlin. The meetings theme was National Identity, Immigration, and Social Cohesion (Re)building Community in an Ever-Globalizing World and this paper was one of the reports that conscious the Councils discussions. The Council, an MPI initiative to a lower placetaken in cooperation with its policy partner the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unique deliberative body that examines full of life policy knows and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Councils work is generously reserveed by the side by side(p) foundations and judicatures Carnegie Corporation of New York, Open Society Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK Policy Partner), the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calous te Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Ger galore(postnominal), the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit www. migrationpolicy. org/transatlantic. 2012 Migration Policy Institute.All Rights Reserved. No part of this populaceation whitethorn be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is purchasable for free download from www. migrationpolicy. org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting emailprotectedorg. Suggested citation Kymlicka, Will. 2012. Multi culturalism Success, Failure, and the Future. Washington, DC Migration Policy Institute. Table of Con tennerts Ex ecutive succinct. 1 I. Introduction.. 2 The Rise and F in all of multiculturalism.3 . II. What Is Multiculturalism?.. 4 A. Misleading Model. 4 . B. Multiculturalism in Context 5 . C. The phylogenesis of Multiculturalism Policies.. 7 III.Multiculturalism in Practice. 10 A. The Canadian Success Story 10 B. The European Experience. 13 . IV. The pull in ones horns from Multiculturalism.. 14 A. Rhetoric versus Reality ..14 B. Proliferation of Civic integration Policies. 15 . V. ConclusionThe Future of Multicultural Citizenship. 21 Appendices 26 Works Cited28 About the Author.. 32 MIGRATION POLICY pick out Executive Summary Ideas intimately the legal and semi semipolitical accommodation of ethnic motley putting greenly termed multiculturalism emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with novel similaritys of republican citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies argon making progress toward that goal, a choru s of political leading has declargond them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism.This popular secure narrative is problematic beca employment it mischaracterizes the record of the experiments in multiculturalism that pick out been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies non only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered nevertheless the options for addressing these problems. piffle around the call in from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a zippy option for western sandwich democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths slightly multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical solemnisation of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and loving isolation. Instead it offers an modfounds report of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new semb lances of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human- experts opinionls. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of polite integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs argon fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that hence the combination of multiculturalism with an enabling form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least or so cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index.This index 1) identifies eight cover polic y areas where liberal-democratic states faced with a choice decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been strident about multiculturalisms failure (e. g. , Germany) have non actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. talking to about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a kick the bucket option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new prototypes of multicultural citizenship have taken stem turn or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. thither are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful impl ementation of multiculturalism Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY add Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works outperform if relations between thestate and minorities are count onn as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state discerns immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights crosswise ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are un consumeming to accord them multicultural rights or resources.Much of the kick against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived involuntariness to nip liber al-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum capturekers than when citizens feel the borders are secure. variety show of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinelymulticultural that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming irresistibly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the science that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to nightspot particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases.Multiculturalism tends to lose suppor t in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as emf carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the wel removede state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most compulsioned. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years.One hears much about the rise and fall of multiculturalism. Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policy pick outrs alike to develop the evolution of con makeshift debates about diversity. Although race disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprise consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report cont ends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face.Multiculturalisms successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the genius of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems.2 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the rise and fall of multiculturalism helpfully captures significant features of our current debates.withal in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the documentary challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased cognition and accommodation of diversity through a set up of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights.These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by trans topic organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, howeve r, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship even a call for the return of assimilation. This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has gone too far and is threatening their way of life.This fear oftentimes expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish Peoples Party, defending old ideas of Denmark for the Danish. But the retreat to a fault reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries namely, minorities themselves because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation.As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this rise and fall narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, The Return of Assimilation? Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001) 53148 and Christian Joppke, The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal introduce Theory and Policy, British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004) 23757.There are also many accounts of the decline, retreat, or crisis of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands, in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006).For Britain , see Randall Hansen, variety show, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the united Kingdom, in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal Institute for Research on ordinary Policy, 2007) Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, New Labours White Heart Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation, Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002) 44554 Steven Vertovec, Towards post-multiculturalism?Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity, International Social Science Journal 61 (2010) 8395. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, Multiculturalism in Crisis The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia, in On not Speaking Chinese Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the Anti- and Post-Multicultura lism Discourses The Fragmentation Position (Alberta Prairie displace for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http//pmc.metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that trys civic integration, social cohesion, common values, and shared citizenship.2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and distinction, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has of ten been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism slice stave offing the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies.3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the 3S model of multiculturalism in Britain saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups clothing, cuisine, and music and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. under(a) the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This ce lebratory model of multiculturalism has been the centralize of many critiques, including the following It ignores issues of economic and political inequality.Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain problems of unemployment, unretentive educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solve simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of culturaldifferences, the localise on celebrating authentic cultural practices that are unique to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced deep down a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, theres a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices such as cuisine or music that can be pleasantly consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to post-multiculturalism by progressive intellectuals, who stigmatize it from the radical rights antimulticulturalism, see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and Beyond Multiculturalism, Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no.2 (2004) 514 regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd fluctuation (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2007) and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers Making the American Nation (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York canonical Books, 2006).Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can shape up a designing of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices.Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emergent cultural commonalities, thereb y potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally other. This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions withinminority groups. In deciding which traditions are authentic, and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group typically older males while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a good Muslim should act. It can therefore imprison people in cultural scripts that they are not allowed to question or dispute.According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and indivi soprano granting immunity over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences.This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face.The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell worldwide cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex his torical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire.But the divide of multiculturalism that is said to have had a rise and fall is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity.Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiori ty of some peoples and cultures and their right to rationale over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially bleached immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada(Toronto Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and natural, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitlers fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new political orientation of the equality of races and peoples.And this new assumption of human equal ity generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering front line or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three waves of such movements 1) the struggle for decolonization, arduous in the period 194865 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965 and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s.Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. all(prenominal) of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle.Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed.Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic citizenization that is, turning the earlier catalogue of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single uniform model of citizenship on all individuals.Bu t the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history necessarily and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do.The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles.Ye t ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of multiculturalism that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin.For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin (Karen Schonwalder, Germany Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration, in The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Ste ven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf London Routledge, 2010, 160).Needless to say, this severalise of returnist multiculturalism premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The growing of Multiculturalism PoliciesThe case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger ethnic revival across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigra nt groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or formalized language status.What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the polity of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultura l activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue centering Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are.The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation.And in relation to substate national groups such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy official language status, either in the region or nationally and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1981).10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from well-nigh related policy fields, such as antidis