Geometric Morphometrics Analysis of Fish

geometrical Morphometrics depth psychology of Fish social function of Fish Geometric Morphometric Markers for Characterizing Shape Variations of Selected Fishes Family Leiognathidae in the Marine Waters of Zamboanga City, Western Mindanao, PhilippinesRoldan T. EchemAbstractAU1In this investigation, geometric morphometric abstract was apply to operate the end and degree of morphological diversity at heart and among four species of weightes below Family Leiognathidae and superstar out- chemical group under Family Menidae collected in the oceanic waters of Zambonaga City. A total of 200 of fish samples, these include Leiogna therefrom equulus, L. fasciatus, L. bindus, L. daura and nonpareil out-group Mene maculata which showed maturation and variegation of L. fasciatus, were overpowered to various geometric morphometric analyses. Fish samples were scanned at unvarying 400 dpi and the allowing catchs were binarized using SCIONIMAGE, an image analysis and processing softw be. The x and y coordinates of a total of 15 termination points were collected from around the variety of the fish samples. For the landmark analyses, the 15 landmark coefficients were manipulationd as morphometric variables for variable and ball analyses in order to assess its compel. Procrustes fitting of the landmark points allowed for the equation of the various avatars of the fish samples. The resultant design variables were analyze to determine differences in form, contour and profile of the fishes using geometric thin-plate spline grids (TPS), partial misre bewilders (PW) and recounting warps (RW). Results of this study showed variances in the various species of fishes under Family Leiognathidae and within each(prenominal)(prenominal) species. evidentiary differences were launch among species and these shape changes are probably related to differences in home ground and feeding habits among the species.Keywords Biology, Leiognathidae, Geometric morphometrics , Partial-warp hemorrhoid, MultivariateAnalysis, Western Mindanao, PhilippinesIntroduction AU2Leiognathids are schooling, bacterially bioluminescent fishes abundant in coastal bay and estuarine environments throughout the Philippine Islands (Borja, 1978)AU3. The family is readily divided into three genera namely Gazza, Leiognathus and Secutor, but ascribable to the wide geographical distribution of the family and morphological similarity of the species within genus, untold confusion presently exists over identification of the 20 to 30 species (Borja, 1978 James, 1985)AU4. Menidae (moonfishes) are a morphologically distinctive group represented by a single recent and numerous fogy species. Members of this family are easily recognized by their laterally compressed disc-like bodies, abaxially oriented mouth large, clear shaped maxillae and long ascending processes of the premaxillae, anteroposteriorly extended dorsal and anal quintets with comparatively short rays, and narrow pe lvic fivesomes with a compressed and greatly elongated second ray. This unique morphology is conserved over the known fossil history of this group, and characterizes the only extant member of Menidae, Mene maculata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)AU5. This recent form is open up throughout the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa, India, the Philippines, northern Australia, and Japan. The phylo hereditary affinities of Mene harbour been the issuance of some historical debate.Morphological characters have been commonly used in fisheries biology to measure discreteness and relationships among various taxonomic categories (Bookstein, 1991). However, the major limit of morphological characters at the intra-specific level is that phenotypical magnetic declination is not direct under genetic control but subjected to environmental change. Blake (1983) stated that the phenotypic plasticity of fish allows them to respond adaptively to environmental change by modificatio n in their physiology and behavior which leads to changes in their morphology, reproduction or survival that mitigate the effects of environmental variation. Such phenotypic adaptations do not ineluctably result in genetic changes in the population, and thus the detection of such(prenominal) phenotypic differences among populations cannot usually be taken as evidence of genetic differentiation. According to Sparks (2004) that environmentally induced phenotypic variation may have advantages in the gestate identification, especially when the time is insufficient for gistful genetic differentiation to accumulate among populations.A fundamental problem facing systematists and comparative biologists is that of deciding just how ii separate phenotypes are different. Geometrics morphometric analyses can thus be a first step in investigating the stock structure of species with large population coats of Leiognathids and Menids. No study so further has examined the relation of body form in these groups of fishes using the methods of geometric morphometrics analyses of landmark data. Morphometric studies are based on a set of measurements which represent size and shape variation and are continuous data. The geometric morphometric analysis covers the stainless fish in a uniform network, and theoretically should increase the likelihood of extracting morphometric differences within and betwixt species (Rohlf, 1990). There is evidence that geometric morophometric analysis is practically more powerful in describing morphological variation among well-nigh related fish taxa than traditional measurements (Turan, 1998). When combined with multivariate statistical procedures, they put out the most powerful tool for testing and graphically displaying differences in shape (Loy et al. 1993, Rohlf and Marcus 1993, Rohlf et al. 1996).The main objective of this paper was to use geometric morphometric analyses to determine the extent and degree of morphological diversity within and among four species of fishes under Family Leiognathidae and one out-group under family Menidae collected in the marine waters of Zamboanga City. Second, to determined patterns of significant differentiation and its biological implications, and third, to analyzed the taxonomic classification of the four species fishes belong to family leiognathidae and one out-group under family menidae based on their morphological characters.Method AU6A total of 200 of fish samples, these include Leiognathus equulus, L. fasciatus, L. bindus, L. daura and one out-group M. maculataan evolution and diversification of L. fasciatus, were subjected to various geometric morphometric analyses ( double 1). plan 1. Fish samples under family Leiognathidae and family Menidae.Geometric morphometric methods usually begin with digitized images. The fish samples were scanned at uniform 400 dpi and the resulting images were binarized using SCIONIMAGE, an image analysis and processing software. The x and y coordinates of a total of 15 landmark points were identified and collected from around the contour of the fish samples (Figure 2).Figure 2. Relative positions of all landmarks assigned on the body of the fishes. landmarksdescription (Leiognathus equulus in the example) (1) snout tip (2) nostrils(3) anterior and posterior(4) lay outation of the dorsal fin (5) insertion of the seconddorsal fin(6) line of the caudally fin(7) middle of the caudal fin(8) insertion of thecaudal fin(9) insertion of the anal fin(10) origin of the anal fin(11) origin ofthe pelvic fin(12) origin of pectoral fin(13) posteriormost marge of theoperculum(14) junction between maxilla and upper lip(15) middle of the affectionatenessThen contours of the fish samples were then summarized as chain codes. For the landmark analyses, the 15 landmark coefficients were used as morphometric variables for multivariate statistical analyses and hierarchical cluster analyses in order to assess the shape. To remove all i nformation uncorrelated to shape, a generalized orthogonal least- lustys Procrustes (GPA) superimposition (translation, scaling and rotation) getd in Rohlf and bit (1990) was conducted on the sets of landmarks. Procrustes fitting of the landmark points allowed for the comparison of the various shapes of the fish samples. Consensus configurations of each species were subjected to thin-plate spline (TPS), partial warps (PW) and relational warps (RW) to determine variations in shapes through trial run of the deform shape of the grids.The extent and degree of divergence within and between species be to the same family leiognathidae including the out-group were also assessed using the method of promontory member analysis. PCA is a discriminant belong analysis to confirm size and shape variations. PCA involves the deliberateness of the eigen value of the data and the results of a PCA are usually described in terms of component scores and loadings. Discriminant function analysis is used to determine which variables discriminate between two or more naturally occurring groups. basic analysis are obtained to performed a multiple group discriminant analysis and automatically determine some best combination of variables so that the first function provides the most overall discrimination between groups, the second provides second most, and so on. The uniform components were tested for significant differences among species by multivariate analysis of magnetic variation MANOVA (Neff and Marcus 1980). Multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test for significant differences in shapes between species, a multivariate was obtained F value (Wilks lambda) based on a comparison of the covariance matrix.Results and DiscussionAU7Table 1 revealed that there was a extravagantly significant difference between the x and y components (p = 0.0001) of the landmarks on the contours of the fish.Table1Analysis of variance of the x and y uniform componentsSum of square sdfMean of squareFPGroups2.5292.791.410.0001* significantColumns2.58298.894.51Interaction3.552611.36 deep down1.125700197.2Total3.195999The extent and degree of variability within and between species belonging to the same family Leiognathidae including one out-group under family Menidae were also assessed using the method of Principal component analysis. The result of PCA shows largest component scores at 96.9%. The first headspring component showed high significance and accounts for as much of the variability in the data, and each succeeding component accounts for as much of the remaining variability (Table 2).Table 2Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the 5 Groups of FishesSpecies exciteEigen ValueVariance 100%Leiognathus equulusMale28.8169.45 womanish25.5239.61Leiognathus fasciatusMale32.8996.9Female17.583.78Leiognathus bindusMale11.1457.6Female18.940.43Leiognathus dauraMale13.8237.17Female15.6950.58Mene maculataMale30.978.61Female18.985.17Figure 3 shows that the ratified ana lysis was performed to automatically determine some optimal combination of variables that provides overall discrimination between groups. Results showed that the shape variations can be attributed to changes in the upper lip, caudal fin and pectoral fin and dorsal fin as shown in the deformation of shapes of the grids. The 1st relative warp extracted from the matrix of the partial-warp scores accounted for about 69.45% of the total nonaffine shape variation, whereas the 2nd relative warp explained 39.61% of the total variation. The 1st relative warp is characterized by shape changes along the upper lip between the male and young-bearing(prenominal) Leiognathus equulus. The specimens with highest scores on the 1st relative warp is between male and female Leiognathus fasciatus which accounted 96.9% variation and is characterized by shape changes along the dorsal fin. Biological meaning of these partial shape variations can be explained in the change in fin morphology and position, th e central component of the evolutionary transformation of utilitarian design in leiognathid fishes. Documenting phylogenetic patterns in the structure of the dorsal fin, caudal fin and pectoral fin, and interpreting the functional significance of such patterns, has been the subject of ongoing study by systematists (Breder, 1996). There is significant anatomical variation because of hydrodymic significance of evolutionary transformation in dorsal fin and the grievous similarities in patterns of diversity in fishes seem to indicate competition for intellectual nourishment resources that may cause diversity in jaw apparatus among fish (Lauder, 2000). AU8Figure 3. Transformation Grid and Warps of the Five Species Including the Out-Group,Deformations of Grids in the Anteriormost Tip Or the Upper Lip, Dorsal Finand caudally Fin.Table 3 shows that the canonical vector analysis indicated the existence of large and highly significant among group differences. The first discriminant variab le is the caudal fin and highly significant (Wilks = 2.0, F = 1.76, P= 0.002), the second variable that provides discrimination between groups is the pectoral fin and displayed high significance (Wilks =1.0.35, F = 0.75, P= 0.81), and the snout tip (Wilks = 0.51, F = 2.60, P= 0.002) and dorsal fin (Wilks = 0.35, F =1.89, P= 0.002).Table 3Canonical Vector AnalysisVariableVar.NLambdaAPFCaudal fin720.0021.76Pectoral fin1210.750.81Upper tip10.510.0022.60dorsal fin40.350.0021.89Prosanta (2006) account that the family Leiognathidae, commonly known as ponyfish or slip mouth, comprises three genera, each being characterized mainly by mouth morphology. The relationships allowed phylogenetic analyses of mouthpart structures and perch harmonium systems. The results suggested that the morphology of the mouthparts is ancestral in the family. The results also suggested that internal sexual dimorphism of the light organ system was present in the common ancestor of a sister clade to L. equul us, whereas external sexual dimorphism seems to have evolved subsequently in two monophyletic subgroups. The evolution and diversification of L. fasciatus to other group Mene maculata under family menidae support the result of this study that the out-group exhibited similarity of morphological features from L. fasciatus. The analysis of the shape differences depicted in the fish species sampled mainly according to their systematic relationships. This agrees with the findings of Loy et al. (1993) and Rohlf et al. (1996), that the shape components may wear more taxonomic information than the uniform components of shape variation. The shape variation using geometrical analysis of landmark data can describe and locate differences of form in organisms more efficiently (Bookstein 1991). This approach has been shown to compensate the most accurate information in fish morphological studies (Walker 1996 1997), AU9and is evaluate to find increasing applications in the near future.As report ed by Loy et al. (2001) shape differences between 3 sparids of the genus Diplodus juveniles appear to be related to ecologic differences in their environmental science. Webb (1984) AU10showed evidence that body shape is a reliable index of the liquid behavior and the ecology of fish. The link between morphology and feed in fish is provided by feeding performance (Norton 1991 Wainwright 1991 Motta and Kotrschal 1992). AU11As suggested by Wainwright and Richard (1995),AU12 morphology and shapes is influence on a fishs feeding capability. A major challenge in fish ecology is to establish the linkage between morphology and diet. Functional morphological, biomechanical, and physiological analyses may be used to determine the expected consequences of morphological variation on feeding performance (Wainwright 1988).AU13Conclusion and RecommendationAU14In this present study, the findings reveal the authorisation power of the use of geometric morphometric markers for characterizing sha pe variations in several species of fishes under family Leiognathidae for identifying phenotypic stocks. The geometric system can be successfully used to investigate stock separation within a species that allows, in a long term, a better and direct comparison of morphological evolution of stocks, while using the same set of measurements.Results of this study revealed variations in shape of the selected species of fishes under Family Leiognathidae and within each species and one out-group under family Menidae. Significant differences were found among species with respect to caudal fin, pectoral fin, upper lip and dorsal fin. These shape changes are probably related to differences in habitat and feeding habits among the species.This present study concluded the usefulness of the geometric morphometric system as a fisheries management tool and it is capable of examining large numbers of samples in a short time. It is also effective in identification of stocks and improving the biologica l basis of management of fishes.ReferencesBookstein, FL. (1991). Morphometric tools for landmark data. Cambridge Univ. Press, p 435.Blake, R.W. (1983). Functional design and burst-and-coast swimming in fishes. Can J Zool, 61(11)24912494Breder, .CM. (1996). The locomotion of fishes. Zoologica, 4159297.Sparks, J.S. (2004). phylogenesis and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei Perciformes Cichlidae)Cladistics, 20 (6), 501-517.Loy, A. Bertelletti, M. Costa, C Ferlin, L. Cataudella, S. (2001). Shape changes and growthtrajectories in the early stages of three species of the genus Diplodus (Perciformes,Sparidae). J Morphol, 2502433.Prosanta, C. (2006). Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system inponyfishes (Teleostei Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two sweet genera. Cladistics,20 (6), 501-517.Rohlf, F.J. (1990). Rotational fit (Procrustes) methods. In FJ Rohlf, FL Bookstein, eds. Proceedings ofthe Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. special(pren ominal) Publication No. 2. Ann Arbor Univ. ofMichigan Museum of Zoology, pp. 227-236.Rohlf, F.J. (1993). Relative warp analysis and an example of its application to mosquito wings. In LFMarcus, E Bello, AAU15Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Multivariate analysis of shape using partial-warp scores. In KV Mardia, CA Gill, eds.Proceedings in current issues in statistical shape analysis. Leeds Leeds Univ.Press,pp. 154-158.Rohlf, F.J. (1996). Morphometric spaces, shape components, and the effects of analoguetransformations. In LF Marcus, M Corti, A Loy, G Naylor, DE Slice, eds. Advances in morphometrics. NATO ASI Series A Life Sciences, 284.AU16Rohlf, F.J. Loy, M. Corti (1996). Morphometric analysis of Old World Talpidae (Mammalia,Insectivora) using partial-warp scores. Syst. Biol. 45 344-362.Rohlf, F.J. Marcus, L.F. (1993). A revolution in morphometrics. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8 129-132.Rohlf, F. Slice, D.E. (1990). Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition oflandmarks. Syst . Zool., 39 40-59.Turan, C. Basusta, N. (2001). Comparison of Morphometric Characters of Twaite Shad (Alosa fallaxnilotica, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1808) among three areas in Turkish Seas. Bull. Fr. PechePiscic. 362/363 1027-1035.Smith, P.J. (1990) Protein Electrophoresis for Identification of Australian Fish Stocks. Aus. J. Mar.Fresh. Res., 0 41 823- 833.AU17AU1236 words OkAU2598 words OKAU3 non found in the References.AU4Not found in the References. Use the more recent work.AU5Not found in the References. If possible use their more recent work. 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